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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells
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Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells

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Evaluating natural killer cell cytotoxicity against solid tumors using a microfluidic model.

Jose M Ayuso1,2,3, Regan Truttschel2, Max M Gong2,3

  • 1Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.

Oncoimmunology
|February 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel microfluidic model effectively simulates solid tumor environments for studying immunotherapies. This advanced model reveals how natural killer cells and antibodies interact with tumors, offering insights for improved cancer treatments.

Keywords:
Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicityNatural Killer cellmicrofluidicsorganotypic modelsolid tumor

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Solid tumors present unique challenges for immunotherapy compared to hematological cancers.
  • Traditional in vitro models struggle to replicate the complex tumor microenvironment, hindering immunotherapy research.
  • Effective immunotherapy requires immune cells and antibodies to navigate vasculature, locate tumors, and penetrate dense cellular masses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a microfluidic model for studying natural killer (NK) cell response against solid tumors.
  • To investigate the extravasation and penetration dynamics of antibodies and NK cells within a 3D tumor model.
  • To assess the efficacy of combined immunotherapy strategies involving NK cells and antibody-cytokine conjugates.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a microfluidic device containing a 3D breast cancer spheroid within an extracellular matrix.
  • Incorporation of endothelial cell-lined lumens to mimic tumor vasculature.
  • Introduction of NK cells and tumor-targeting antibodies into the model via matrix embedding or perfusion.
  • Analysis of NK cell and antibody migration, tumor cell interaction, and cytotoxicity within the 3D model.

Main Results:

  • Perfused antibodies successfully extravasated but faced penetration barriers due to tumor cell-cell junctions.
  • Natural killer cells demonstrated superior detection and penetration capabilities into the tumor spheroid compared to antibodies.
  • NK cells effectively eliminated tumor cells both at the spheroid periphery and deeper within the tumor.
  • Combination therapy with antibody-cytokine conjugates and NK cells enhanced cytotoxicity, primarily at the tumor periphery.

Conclusions:

  • The developed microfluidic model accurately replicates key aspects of the solid tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy studies.
  • NK cells show promising potential for penetrating and eliminating tumor cells within solid tumors.
  • The model provides a valuable platform for optimizing immunotherapy strategies, including combination therapies, for solid tumors.