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Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...

Preparation of Amides

Preparation of Amides

Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque...

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

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Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:

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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque

Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque

Published on: May 19, 2014

Halide-Rebound Polymerization of Twisted Amides.

Liangbing Fu¹, Mizhi Xu¹, Jiyao Yu¹

¹School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|February 7, 2019

Summary

Researchers report the first living polymerization of twisted amides using alkyl iodides. This novel covalent polymerization yields stable polymers, enabling block copolymer synthesis and offering materials with high thermal stability.

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Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Organic Synthesis

Background:

Living polymerization techniques are crucial for controlled polymer synthesis.
Twisted amides represent a novel monomer class with potential for unique material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a living polymerization method for twisted amides.
To explore the characteristics and applications of the resulting polymers.

Main Methods:

Utilized primary alkyl iodides as initiators for polymerization.
Investigated a halide-rebound mechanism involving nucleophilic attack and ring-opening.
Characterized the synthesized polymers for their properties.

Main Results:

Achieved the first successful living polymerization of twisted amides.
Demonstrated that polymers possess living chain ends, stable under ambient conditions.
Enabled the synthesis of block polymers through this method.
Obtained polymers with high glass transition temperatures and excellent thermal stability.

Conclusions:

Established a new, versatile method for synthesizing polymers from twisted amides.
Introduced a new class of polymers with desirable thermal and mechanical properties.
Opened avenues for creating advanced polymer architectures and materials.