Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Synapse

The Synapse

Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.

Schottky Barrier Diode

Schottky Barrier Diode

Schottky barrier diodes are specialized semiconductor devices characterized by their unique construction. This construction involves combining a metal layer with a moderately doped n-type semiconductor material. This combination leads to the formation of a Schottky barrier, a pivotal element that defines the diode's operational characteristics. The core functionality of Schottky barrier diodes is their capacity to allow current to flow in only one direction due to their distinctive...

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers

In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.

P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

Electrical Synapses

Electrical Synapses

Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Ionotronics-Enabled Emerging Halide Perovskite Optoelectronic Devices.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2025

Same author

Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in FeRh Thin Films with Coexisting Magnetic Phases.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025

Same author

Unconventional scaling of the orbital Hall effect.

Nature materials·2025

Same author

High-Performance, Strain-Stable Electromagnetic Shielding Materials Enabled by Magnetic Elastic Fiber Networks Pinning Liquid Metal.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025

Same author

Omnidirectionally Stretchable Spin-Valve Sensor Array with Stable Giant Magnetoresistance Performance.

ACS nano·2025

Same author

Piezo-Capacitive Flexible Pressure Sensor with Magnetically Self-Assembled Microneedle Array.

ACS sensors·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Methodology for Implanting and Securing Neural Probes in the Rodent Spinal Cord

Author Spotlight: Innovative Methodology for Implanting and Securing Neural Probes in the Rodent Spinal Cord

Published on: July 12, 2024

An Oxide Schottky Junction Artificial Optoelectronic Synapse.

Shuang Gao^1,2, Gang Liu^1,2, Huali Yang^1,2

¹CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315201 , China.

|February 8, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an artificial optoelectronic synapse using ITO/Nb:SrTiO3 for advanced AI and robot vision. The device mimics human visual memory and adapts to light conditions for better environmental perception.

Keywords:

Schottky junction artificial synapse optoelectronic device oxide heterojunction visual memory

More Related Videos

Fabrication of Schottky Diodes on Zn-polar BeMgZnO/ZnO Heterostructure Grown by Plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Fabrication of Schottky Diodes on Zn-polar BeMgZnO/ZnO Heterostructure Grown by Plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Published on: October 23, 2018

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 26, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Methodology for Implanting and Securing Neural Probes in the Rodent Spinal Cord

Author Spotlight: Innovative Methodology for Implanting and Securing Neural Probes in the Rodent Spinal Cord

Published on: July 12, 2024

Fabrication of Schottky Diodes on Zn-polar BeMgZnO/ZnO Heterostructure Grown by Plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Fabrication of Schottky Diodes on Zn-polar BeMgZnO/ZnO Heterostructure Grown by Plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Published on: October 23, 2018

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 26, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Neuroscience
Electrical Engineering

Background:

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics necessitate sophisticated visual sensing systems.
Accurate environmental perception requires efficient detection, processing, and memory of optical signals.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and demonstrate a novel indium-tin oxide/Nb-doped SrTiO3 (ITO/Nb:SrTiO3) heterojunction artificial optoelectronic synapse.
To enable neuromorphic processing of optical signals across the visible light spectrum.
To achieve adaptive optical perception and mimic human visual memory.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a simple ITO/Nb:SrTiO3 heterojunction device.
Utilizing light and electric field co-modulation of the Schottky barrier profile.
Investigating synaptic behaviors like paired-pulse facilitation and short/long-term memory.

Main Results:

The ITO/Nb:SrTiO3 heterojunction exhibits neuromorphic responses to visible light.
Demonstrated synaptic paired-pulse facilitation, short/long-term memory, and learning-experience behaviors.
Achieved heterosynaptic modulation of photoplasticity with sub-1 V external voltage, enabling adaptive optical perception.

Conclusions:

The developed artificial optoelectronic synapse offers a pathway for advanced AI and robotic visual systems.
The device's adaptive optical perception capabilities mimic biological systems.
This work contributes to the development of bio-inspired visual memory systems.