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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
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Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Channel Rhodopsins01:11

Channel Rhodopsins

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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging
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Hyperspectral spatially offset Raman spectroscopy in a microfluidic channel.

Moritz Matthiae, Anders Kristensen

    Optics Express
    |February 9, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) distinguishes chemical fingerprints in layered systems. This study shows SORS offers potential for reproducible alignment and concentration measurements in microfluidic devices.

    Area of Science:

    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Spectroscopy
    • Microfluidics

    Background:

    • Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique used to differentiate chemical compositions of surface and subsurface layers.
    • Microfluidic systems offer precise control over small sample volumes, but characterizing layered materials within them presents challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To apply and characterize Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) in a microfluidic two-layer system.
    • To investigate the combined potential of hyperspectral SORS and defocusing micro-SORS for integral characterization of layered microfluidic systems.
    • To explore the use of SORS for internal referencing and alignment reproducibility in microfluidic devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) on a microfluidic chip composed of a transparent liquid surface layer and a PDMS sublayer.

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  • Performed hyperspectral SORS acquisitions using an imaging spectrograph coupled with a microscope.
  • Combined hyperspectral SORS with defocusing micro-SORS by translating the focus position (z) to achieve integral characterization.

    • Main Results:

    • Raman scattering intensity from top and subsurface layers at the optical axis (zero spatial offset) was highly dependent on the focus position (z).
    • Spatially offset Raman scattered intensity from the subsurface layer remained constant over a wide range of focus positions (z).
    • Demonstrated consistent concentration measurements of hemoglobin solutions in a 16 μm deep microfluidic channel.

    Conclusions:

    • The constancy of subsurface SORS signal across varying focus positions indicates potential for internal referencing and alignment reproducibility in microfluidic systems.
    • The combined hyperspectral and defocusing SORS approach provides comprehensive characterization of layered microfluidic systems.
    • This methodology enables reliable concentration measurements in small-volume liquid samples within microfluidic devices.