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Related Concept Videos

Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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What is the Endocrine System?00:46

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
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The Endocrine System01:29

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Diagnosis of Neoplasia in Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus using Vital-dye Enhanced Fluorescence Imaging
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.

Cornelis Jm Lips1, Wendy van Veelen2, Thera P Links3

  • 1a University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Internal Medicine, Wassenaarseweg 109, 2596 CN The Hague, The Netherlands. lips05@zonnet.nl.

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|February 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is an inherited syndrome caused by RET gene mutations. Early diagnosis and treatment, including genetic testing and preventive surgery, improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

Keywords:
DNA diagnosisMEN 2genetic testingmultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2mutation analysisperiodic clinical monitoringpresymptomatic treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is an autosomal dominant disorder.
  • MEN 2 encompasses MEN 2A, MEN 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma.
  • These syndromes involve medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytomas, and parathyroid adenomas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review guidelines for early diagnosis and treatment of MEN 2.
  • To highlight the role of the RET proto-oncogene in MEN 2 pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the impact of RET mutations on genotype-phenotype correlations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of extensive studies on large MEN 2 families.
  • Analysis of germline RET mutations and their functional consequences.
  • Formulation of diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Germline RET mutations lead to a gain-of-function of the RET protein.
  • A strong genotype-phenotype correlation exists in MEN 2.
  • Established guidelines for early diagnosis (genetic mutation analysis) and treatment (preventive surgery, monitoring).

Conclusions:

  • Improved life expectancy and quality of life are achievable through early diagnosis and management.
  • Understanding RET protein function offers insights into cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival.
  • Future research into biological tumor markers may enable targeted interventions to delay tumor progression.