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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells: The Future is Now.

Wassim Mchayleh1, Prabhjot Bedi2, Rajesh Sehgal3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Northside Hospital Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA. wassimmchayleh@hotmail.com.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|February 10, 2019
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Summary

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy shows promise for treating certain blood cancers like non-Hodgkin

Keywords:
ChimericT cellcellularimmunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cancer immune-surveillance presents a target for improving malignancy outcomes.
  • Harnessing and engineering immune cells to target cancer cells has transformed treatment paradigms.
  • Refractory B cell malignancies have seen significant advances with adoptive cell therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy.
  • To discuss ongoing research in expanding CAR T-cell therapy scope.
  • To explore mechanisms of resistance and toxicity reduction strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CAR T-cell therapy.
  • Analysis of clinical outcomes in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
  • Discussion of engineering and educating immune cells for cancer targeting.

Main Results:

  • CAR T-cell therapy demonstrates remarkable anti-tumor activity in refractory B cell malignancies.
  • Significant progress has been made in treating specific hematological cancers.
  • Ongoing research focuses on broadening therapeutic applications and improving safety profiles.

Conclusions:

  • CAR T-cell therapy represents a paradigm shift in treating certain hematological malignancies.
  • Future research is crucial for expanding its scope, overcoming resistance, and minimizing toxicity.
  • This therapy holds significant potential for improving patient outcomes in oncology.