Human exposures to rare earth elements: Present knowledge and research prospects.

Area of Science:

• Environmental Health
• Toxicology
• Occupational Health

Background:

• Extensive use of rare earth elements (REEs) in technology raises concerns about human health impacts.
• Experimental data on REE toxicity is available, but human health consequences require further investigation.
• Geographical and occupational studies indicate REE bioaccumulation and adverse health effects.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize existing literature on human health impacts of rare earth element exposures.
• To highlight the consequences of both environmental and occupational REE exposures.
• To identify knowledge gaps and propose future research directions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of geographical, epidemiological, and occupational studies on REE exposure.
• Analysis of experimental data on REE toxicity and effects of related exposures (e.g., diesel exhaust).
• Synthesis of findings related to REE bioaccumulation, health outcomes, and exposure pathways.

Main Results:

• Geographical studies show REE bioaccumulation and health associations in mining districts.
• Occupational exposures (mining, e-waste, diesel exhaust) linked to respiratory damage, bioaccumulation, and gene expression changes.
• Emerging research connects tobacco/indoor smoke and nanoCeO2 in diesel exhaust to increased REE levels and potential health effects.

Conclusions:

• Human health impacts from rare earth element exposures, particularly occupational, are significant and warrant further study.
• Environmental and lifestyle factors can contribute to REE bioaccumulation.
• Further research is needed on REE-based supermagnet production and static magnetic field effects.