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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Measuring Liver Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Proton Leak Kinetics to Estimate Mitochondrial Respiration in Holstein Dairy Cattle
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Genome changes due to artificial selection in U.S. Holstein cattle.

Li Ma1, Tad S Sonstegard2, John B Cole3

  • 1Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.

BMC Genomics
|February 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Artificial selection for milk production in Holstein cattle has negatively impacted fertility and immunity genes. This study reveals genetic hitchhiking, linking milk yield selection to fertility declines and identifying key genes for future genetic improvements.

Keywords:
FertilityGenetic selectionGenome landscapeImmunityMilk production

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Genetics
  • Genomics
  • Quantitative Genetics

Background:

  • A unique unselected Holstein line since 1964 allows direct comparison with selected genomes.
  • Large Holstein datasets offer statistical power for identifying single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genome changes in Holstein cattle resulting from artificial selection since 1964.
  • To investigate the impact of selection on fertility and immunity genes.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide SNP marker comparison between unselected and contemporary Holstein genomes.
  • Analysis of SNP effects on milk yield and daughter pregnancy rate.

Main Results:

  • Forty years of selection caused significant genome landscape changes.
  • Regions with fertility genes showed a negative correlation between milk yield and daughter pregnancy rate, supporting genetic hitchhiking.
  • Selected regions included immunity genes and the bovine MHC region, with decreased heterozygosity in contemporary Holsteins.

Conclusions:

  • Direct evidence shows milk production selection impacts fertility and immunity genes.
  • Genetic hitchhiking of milk production selection by negative fertility effects contributed to fertility declines.
  • Identified candidate genes for fertility and immunity affected by selection, aiding future genetic improvement strategies.