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Second Order systems II

Second Order systems II

In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.

First Order Systems

First Order Systems

First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...

Second Order systems I

Second Order systems I

A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...

Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The...

Classification of Systems-I

Classification of Systems-I

Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

Classification of Systems-II

Classification of Systems-II

Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously. These systems are generally defined by differential or algebraic equations. For instance, in an RC circuit, the relationship between input and output voltage is expressed through a differential equation derived from Ohm's law and the capacitor relation,

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Visualizing Scar Development Using SCAD Assay - An Ex-situ Skin Scarring Assay

Visualizing Scar Development Using SCAD Assay - An Ex-situ Skin Scarring Assay

Published on: April 28, 2022

Systemic Retinoids and Scar Dehiscence.

Hasan Mete Aksoy^1,2, Berna Aksoy^3,4, Emel Çalikoglu⁵

¹Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Indian Journal of Dermatology

|February 13, 2019

Summary

Systemic retinoids like isotretinoin and acitretin can impair wound healing, leading to scar dehiscence after surgery. Postpone retinoid treatment for 6-12 months post-surgery, especially for cosmetic sites.

Keywords:

Acitretin dehiscence isotretinoin retinoid scar wound healing

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Isolation of Lung Retinoid-Containing Cells by Cell Sorting

Isolation of Lung Retinoid-Containing Cells by Cell Sorting

Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Wound Healing Research
Pharmacology

Background:

Systemic retinoids (isotretinoin, acitretin) are vital in dermatology but have side effects.
Prior research suggests potential benefits of retinoids in wound healing post-surgery.

Observation:

Two cases of scar dehiscence occurred after initiating systemic retinoid therapy post-cutaneous surgery.
Case 1: Isotretinoin potentially inhibited collagen production during wound remodeling.
Case 2: Acitretin may have reduced fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis during wound healing.

Findings:

Systemic retinoids can negatively impact wound healing phases, leading to complications like scar dehiscence.
Isotretinoin and acitretin may interfere with collagen synthesis and fibroblast activity.

Implications:

Delaying systemic retinoid treatment for 6-12 months after cutaneous surgery is recommended.
This precaution is particularly important for procedures on cosmetically sensitive areas.
Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of retinoid-induced wound healing impairment.