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Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder.

Aoife Rajyaluxmi Singh1, David Veale1,2

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) involves preoccupation with perceived flaws, often leading to distress and functional impairment. This review covers BDD

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Mental Health

Background:

  • Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), or dysmorphophobia, is characterized by distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight appearance defects.
  • BDD is common globally, significantly impacting functioning, distress, and suicide risk, yet often remains undiagnosed.
  • Poor insight into appearance beliefs is a common feature of BDD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the clinical features of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) as per ICD-11.
  • To review BDD prevalence across various settings.
  • To identify reasons for BDD underdiagnosis, even in psychiatric contexts.
  • To discuss cultural considerations and evidence-based treatments for BDD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical features, prevalence, diagnostic challenges, cultural factors, and treatments for BDD.
  • Inclusion of data from the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases 11 (ICD-11).

Main Results:

  • BDD presents with significant distress and functional impairment, often accompanied by poor insight.
  • Prevalence data indicates BDD is relatively common worldwide.
  • Underdiagnosis is prevalent due to various factors, including within psychiatric settings.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of BDD is crucial given its impact and prevalence.
  • Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are key evidence-based treatments for BDD.
  • Further research into cultural aspects and diagnostic awareness is warranted.