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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radicals01:27

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Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
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Platforms for Stable Carbon-Centered Radicals.

Kenichi Kato1, Atsuhiro Osuka1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stable organic radicals, especially carbon-centered ones, are key for functional materials. This review highlights recent advances in stabilizing these radicals, focusing on porphyrinoid-based systems for their unique spin properties.

Keywords:
electronic structurefused-ring systemsmagnetic propertiesmaterials scienceradicals

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Organic radicals possess unpaired electrons, offering potential in functional materials but suffering from high reactivity.
  • Stabilizing organic radicals is crucial for their practical application.
  • Carbon-centered radicals are particularly promising due to their structural versatility but are inherently unstable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the stabilization of organic radicals.
  • To highlight novel molecular platforms for stable carbon-centered radicals.
  • To emphasize porphyrinoid-stabilized radicals and their spin delocalization capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on stable organic radicals.
  • Focus on molecular design strategies for radical stabilization.
  • Analysis of porphyrinoid structures for enhanced radical stability.

Main Results:

  • Emergence of diverse molecular platforms enabling stable carbon-centered radicals.
  • Demonstration of effective stabilization strategies for organic radicals.
  • Porphyrinoid-stabilized radicals exhibit significant spin delocalization.

Conclusions:

  • Stable organic radicals are becoming increasingly accessible for material applications.
  • Porphyrinoid-stabilized radicals represent a promising class of stable radicals with tunable electronic properties.