First Report of Rust Caused by Puccinia emaculata on Switchgrass in Arkansas

In May 2007, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cv. Alamo and a breeding line, OSU-NSL 2001-1, were planted at the Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Fayetteville. In August 2008, a high incidence of dark brown-to-black rectangular foliar lesions delineated by major veins was observed throughout plots of both lines. Lesions covered 25% to nearly 100% of total leaf tissue. Similar symptoms were also observed on unknown switchgrass cultivars in Benton County in northwest Arkansas and in St. Francis County in east-central Arkansas, suggesting that the disease was widely distributed throughout the state. The pathogen produced epiphyllous and adaxial masses of dark brown-to-black telia from erumpent fissures on leaf surfaces. Dark brown teliospores were observed under magnification and were two-celled, oblong to ellipsoid, and 33 ± 3.5 μm long with an apical cell width of 17.5 ± 2.7 μm and basal cell width of 16.2 ± 2.8 μm (reported as mean ± standard deviation, n = 25). Pedicles were colorless to light brown and measured 25.4 ± 9.2 μm (n = 25). In June 2009, at the Fayetteville Research and Extension Center, several second-year stands of switchgrass developed amphigenous and adaxial foliar lesions containing urediniospores. The uredia were globose and finely echinulate, measuring 23.1 ± 2.2 μm (n = 25) with brown cell walls. Teliospore and urediniospore morphology from all collections was consistent with Puccinia emaculata Schw. (2). Genomic DNA was extracted from a representative infected leaf of cv. Alamo, collected in Fayetteville, AR in June 2009, and amplified by PCR with primer sets PRITS1F (3) and ITS4B (1), which amplified an 803-bp fragment of rDNA encoding the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1), 5.8S subunit, and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2). The fragment was cloned into pGEM T Easy (Promega Corp, Madison, WI) and sequenced. A BLAST search of GenBank revealed that the fragment was most similar to the rDNA of P. emaculata (GenBank Accession No. EU915294.1; 755 of 758 bases matching; 99% identity) previously reported as a pathogen on switchgrass in Tennessee (3). The incidence and severity of rust on the widely planted switchgrass cv. Alamo is considerable cause for concern as efforts are made to increase acreage and production. Climatic conditions in St. Francis County are generally consistent with locations in Tennessee where switchgrass rust was previously reported (3). However, northwest Arkansas represents the eastern edge of the southwestern United States, suggesting that P. emaculata may affect switchgrass in geographically diverse areas of the United States. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of rust on switchgrass in Arkansas. Managing this disease will be an important consideration for large-scale switchgrass cultivation in the state. References: (1) M. Gardes and T. D. Bruns. Mol. Ecol. 2:113, 1993. (2) P. Ramachar and G. Cummins. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 25:7, 1965. (3) J. Zale et al. Plant. Dis. 92:1710, 2008.