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Related Concept Videos

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models01:15

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models

274
Physiological models in pharmacokinetics are instrumental in understanding the distribution and elimination of drugs within the body. These models describe the drug concentration within target organs, influenced by factors such as drug uptake, tissue volume, and blood flow. Drug uptake is governed by the partition coefficient, which signifies the drug concentration ratio in tissue to that in the blood. The blood flow rate to a specific tissue is expressed as Qt, and the rate of change in tissue...
274
Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

Clearance Models: Physiological Models

311
Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's...
311
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Assumption with Protein Binding01:13

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Assumption with Protein Binding

253
Physiological models with protein binding in pharmacokinetics offer a sophisticated approach to understanding drug disposition. These models consider drug-protein interactions, enabling them to effectively predict drug concentrations in different organs and tissues. This precision aids in accurate drug dosing, providing a significant advantage over conventional models. A key process within these models is equilibration, which ensures that drug concentrations achieve a steady state within the...
253
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models01:14

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models

554
Compartmental analysis is a widely adopted approach to characterizing drug pharmacokinetics. It uses compartment models that conceptualize the body as a collection of reversibly communicating compartments, each representing a group of tissues exhibiting similar drug distribution characteristics. The movement rate of the drug between these compartments is typically described by first-order kinetics.
Two primary types of compartment models are recognized: mammillary and catenary. The more...
554
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

349
Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
349
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models01:06

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models

248
Pharmacokinetic models are mathematical constructs that represent and predict the time course of drug concentrations in the body, providing meaningful pharmacokinetic parameters. These models are categorized into compartment, physiological, and distributed parameter models.
The distributed parameter models are specifically designed to account for variations and differences in some drug classes. This model is particularly useful for assessing regional concentrations of anticancer or...
248

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A Petri Net Approach to Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Modeling.

Ian Edhlund1, Cindy Lee1

  • 1Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
|February 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling using graphical Petri nets offers an intuitive alternative to complex ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This new approach accurately predicts chemical concentrations in aquatic species, simplifying toxicological research.

Keywords:
Ordinary differential equationPetri netPhysiologically based toxicokinetic modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Computational toxicology
  • Aquatic toxicology

Background:

  • Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models predict chemical concentrations in tissues.
  • Current PBTK models often use complex ordinary differential equations (ODEs), posing a barrier to researchers.
  • Graphical modeling offers a more intuitive approach to PBTK analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the utility and ease of use of Petri nets for PBTK modeling.
  • To present a Petri net PBTK model for waterborne fluoranthene exposure in rainbow trout.
  • To compare the predictive functionality of a Petri net PBTK model against an existing ODE PBTK model.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a PBTK model using Petri nets in Snoopy software.
  • Converted an existing ODE-based PBTK model to a Petri net framework.
  • Introduced and analyzed the sensitivity of the blood volume parameter (V_BLOOD).
  • Simulated and compared results from both ODE and Petri net models.

Main Results:

  • The Petri net PBTK model closely mirrored the results of the ODE PBTK model.
  • The introduced blood volume parameter (V_BLOOD) was found to be robust.
  • Petri net models offer equivalent predictive functionality to ODE models.

Conclusions:

  • Petri nets provide an intuitive and effective graphical framework for PBTK modeling.
  • This approach simplifies complex toxicokinetic modeling for researchers.
  • Petri net PBTK models maintain predictive accuracy while offering advantages over traditional ODE methods.