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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

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An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Thomson's e/m Experiment01:19

Thomson's e/m Experiment

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In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...
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Controls in Experiments01:13

Controls in Experiments

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When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Teratoma Generation in the Testis Capsule
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Primary Malignant Thyroid Teratoma: An Institutional Experience.

Jose Ting1, Diana Bell2, Salmaan Ahmed3

  • 11 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|February 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Primary malignant thyroid teratomas are rare but treatable. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery offers a promising approach for these aggressive tumors, leading to long-term disease-free survival in young women.

Keywords:
chemotherapyextragonadal germ-cell tumormalignant thyroid teratomaradiationthyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Primary malignant thyroid teratomas are exceedingly rare neoplasms, with fewer than 35 cases reported globally.
  • These tumors predominantly affect young adult women, often presenting with a poor prognosis.

Observation:

  • A review of four successful cases treated at a single institution between 1994 and 2017.
  • Patients received varied chemotherapy regimens including bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin, alongside surgical excision.
  • Two patients demonstrated significant tumor regression after neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery.

Findings:

  • All four patients, young women under 40, achieved long-term disease-free survival (median 172 months).
  • Treatment strategies included surgery alone, surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery.
  • No patients required postoperative radiation therapy.

Implications:

  • This series represents the largest single-institution follow-up for primary malignant thyroid teratomas.
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical excision is a potentially effective strategy for advanced disease.
  • This approach shows promise for improving outcomes in patients with extrathyroidal extension or metastatic disease.