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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

119.7K
The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

3.0K
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...
3.0K
Overview of the Heart01:07

Overview of the Heart

13.6K
The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
The heart's structure...
13.6K
Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

13.2K
Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
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Conduction System of the Heart01:20

Conduction System of the Heart

3.7K
The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...
3.7K
Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

10.4K
The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease
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Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease

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Innocent Heart Murmur.

Arpan R Doshi1

  • 1Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Wichita, USA.

Cureus
|February 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most childhood heart murmurs are innocent and pose no health risk. This review addresses the diagnostic challenges and parental anxiety associated with benign heart murmurs in children.

Keywords:
flow murmurfunctional heart murmurheart murmurinnocent heart murmurmurmurpediatric murmur

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Clinical Diagnosis
  • Medical Education

Background:

  • Heart murmurs are a frequent reason for pediatric cardiology referrals, with most children experiencing them during childhood.
  • Less than 1% of pediatric heart murmurs are pathological; the majority are innocent/functional.
  • Innocent heart murmurs, despite being benign, cause significant physician uncertainty and parental anxiety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic challenges associated with heart murmurs in children.
  • To discuss the etiology and implications of innocent heart murmurs.
  • To address the high healthcare utilization and costs linked to evaluating benign findings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing theories on innocent heart murmur etiology.
  • Analysis of diagnostic challenges and clinical uncertainty.
  • Examination of healthcare utilization and cost factors.

Main Results:

  • Innocent heart murmurs are common and carry no morbidity or mortality risk.
  • Despite their benign nature, heart murmurs are associated with high physician uncertainty and parental anxiety.
  • Extensive cardiac evaluations for benign murmurs contribute to high healthcare utilization and costs.

Conclusions:

  • Heart murmurs in children remain a diagnostic challenge despite being a common and often benign finding.
  • Addressing physician uncertainty and parental anxiety is crucial for managing benign heart murmurs.
  • Optimizing diagnostic pathways for pediatric heart murmurs can reduce unnecessary healthcare utilization and costs.