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Updated: Jan 29, 2026
An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
Published on: February 8, 2019
Temporomandibular Disorder: An Important Cause of Temporal Headache in Patients Unlikely to Have Giant Cell Arteritis
Kerr Brogan1, David Lockington1, Kanna Ramaesh1
1a Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology , Gartnavel General Hospital , Glasgow , UK.
Introduction:
Temporal headache often results in an Ophthalmology referral to rule out giant cell arteritis (GCA). When clinical suspicion of GCA is low, alternative diagnoses should be considered. Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) commonly causes a temporal headache.
Materials And Methods:
Patients referred with a temporal headache attending the Friday emergency ophthalmology clinic from February to July 2017 were assessed for GCA using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) diagnostic criteria and TMD using a validated screening questionnaire.
Results:
Ten symptomatic patients presented and were screened for TMD during this period. Four had mild TMD, two moderate, and three severe. The mean TMD score in patients with less than 3 ACR GCA criteria was 14.75 (SD 4.03) versus 6.8 (SD 3.06) in patients with 3 or more criteria (p = 0.0075).
Conclusion:
TMD is an important cause of a temporal headache in patients unlikely to have GCA. Onward referral to dentistry for further management may be merited.
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