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Related Concept Videos

Beams01:30

Beams

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Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
Based on geometry, beams can be straight, tapered, or curved. Straight beams are the most common type and have a constant cross-section throughout their length. Tapered beams, on the other hand, have a varying cross-section along...
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Deflection of a Beam01:19

Deflection of a Beam

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Accurately determining beam deflection and slope under various loading conditions in structural engineering is crucial for ensuring safety and structural integrity. Singularity functions offer a streamlined approach to analyzing beams, especially when multiple loading functions complicate the bending moment equation.
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Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

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Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving01:15

Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving

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In the design of a supported timber beam subjected to a distributed load, both the beam's physical dimensions and the timber's characteristics, such as its grade and species, are critical. These factors determine the allowable stress values, which are crucial for calculating the necessary beam depth to ensure structural integrity and safety.
The design begins with analyzing the beam as a free body to identify moments and force balances, thereby determining support reactions. Next, the...
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Principal Stresses in a Beam01:11

Principal Stresses in a Beam

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In prismatic beams subject to arbitrary transverse loading, It is essential to analyze the interaction between shear forces and bending moments in order to understand stress distribution and ensure structural integrity. The highest normal or bending stress occurs at the outer fibers of the beam, decreasing linearly to zero at the neutral axis. In contrast, shear stress peaks at the neutral axis and diminishes toward the outer surfaces.
Analyzing principal stresses is crucial, especially in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Use of Sacrificial Nanoparticles to Remove the Effects of Shot-noise in Contact Holes Fabricated by E-beam Lithography
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Factors affecting electron beam damage in calcite nanoparticles.

Rob Hooley1, Andy Brown1, Rik Brydson1

  • 1School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.

Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)
|February 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Electron irradiation degrades calcite nanoparticles, transforming them into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Scanning TEM (STEM) offers higher electron fluence thresholds than conventional TEM (CTEM) for detecting lattice faults.

Keywords:
Calcium carbonateElectron beam damageHydrocarbon contaminationPhase contrastSTEM

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • Calcite nanoparticles are crucial in various applications, including fuel detergents.
  • Understanding their stability under electron irradiation is vital for nanoscale material characterization.
  • Electron beam-induced degradation pathways in nanomaterials require detailed investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine electron fluence thresholds for calcite nanoparticle degradation under electron irradiation.
  • To investigate the influence of different transmission electron microscopy (TEM) modes (CTEM and STEM) and accelerating voltages on degradation.
  • To elucidate the transformation pathway of calcite nanoparticles during electron irradiation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized time-resolved phase contrast imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.
  • Irradiated calcite nanoparticles using both conventional TEM (CTEM) and scanning TEM (STEM) at 80 kV and 300 kV.
  • Quantified electron fluence thresholds for lattice degradation and material transformation.

Main Results:

  • Calcite degradation involves crystal lattice disruption, pore formation, and transformation to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
  • The crystallinity of the resulting calcium oxide depends on irradiation conditions (CTEM vs. STEM) and hydrocarbon contamination.
  • Scanning TEM (STEM) demonstrated significantly higher electron fluence thresholds (1.8 x 10^8 e-/nm^2 at 300 kV) compared to conventional TEM (CTEM) (2.7 x 10^7 e-/nm^2 at 300 kV) for detecting lattice faults, especially in the presence of hydrocarbon contamination.

Conclusions:

  • Electron irradiation at higher voltages (300 kV) extends calcite lattice lifetime but reduces image contrast and EDX signal.
  • STEM is superior to CTEM for preserving nanoparticle integrity and detecting crystallinity under electron irradiation, particularly with hydrocarbon contamination.
  • This study provides a framework for identifying nanoparticle crystallinity and controlling synthesis processes for applications like fuel detergents.