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Resistivity

Resistivity

When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:

Resistance

Resistance

When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.

Resistance and Conductance

Resistance and Conductance

A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
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Rolling Resistance

Rolling Resistance

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Vascular Resistance

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Repeatable Stair-step Assay to Access the Allelopathic Potential of Weedy Rice Oryza sativa ssp.

Repeatable Stair-step Assay to Access the Allelopathic Potential of Weedy Rice Oryza sativa ssp.

Published on: January 28, 2020

Rice Sheath Blight Disease Resistance Identified in Oryza spp. Accessions.

B Prasad¹, G C Eizenga²

¹University of Arkansas, Rice Research and Extension Center, Stuttgart 72160.

|February 16, 2019

Summary

Wild rice relatives (Oryza spp.) offer new resistance genes for rice sheath blight. Researchers screened 73 genotypes, identifying seven moderately resistant accessions, including O. nivara, to improve commercial rice disease resistance.

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Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice

Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice

Published on: September 2, 2019

Area of Science:

Plant Pathology
Genetics
Agronomy

Background:

Sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a significant disease affecting commercial rice (Oryza sativa).
Wild rice relatives (Oryza spp.) are a potential source of novel resistance genes to combat this disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify resistant sources for sheath blight disease within Oryza spp. accessions.
To evaluate different screening methods for their efficacy in identifying sheath blight resistance in wild rice.

Main Methods:

Seventy-three Oryza genotypes were screened using three distinct methods: microchamber, detached-leaf, and toothpick inoculation.
The microchamber method involved inoculating 4-week-old seedlings and assessing symptoms after 1 week.
Detached leaves and toothpick inoculation methods were also employed on older plants under controlled conditions.

Main Results:

The microchamber method proved to be more uniform, reproducible, and user-friendly under greenhouse conditions.
Seven Oryza spp. accessions exhibited moderate resistance to sheath blight.
Resistant accessions included three from O. nivara, and one each from O. barthii, O. meridionalis, O. nivara/O. sativa, and O. officinalis.

Conclusions:

Wild rice relatives harbor valuable genetic resources for sheath blight resistance.
The microchamber screening method is effective for identifying resistance in Oryza spp.
Identified resistant accessions can be utilized to enhance sheath blight resistance in cultivated rice varieties.