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Related Concept Videos

Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Channel Rhodopsins01:11

Channel Rhodopsins

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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism....
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Channels of Non-Verbal Communication01:28

Channels of Non-Verbal Communication

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Non-verbal communication plays a critical role in human interaction, influencing how individuals perceive emotions and psychological states. It operates through four primary channels: facial expressions, eye contact, body language, and touch. These non-verbal cues help convey meaning beyond spoken language and are often culturally influenced.Facial Expressions and Emotional RecognitionFacial expressions are among the most powerful and universal forms of non-verbal communication. Research has...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that...
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Related Experiment Video

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Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms
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Heterogeneous Immunoassay Using Channels and Droplets in a Digital Microfluidic Platform.

Yuguang Liu1, Ian Papautsky2

  • 1Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. liu.yuguang@mayo.edu.

Micromachines
|February 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel digital microfluidic immunoassay for detecting interleukin-6 (IL-6) using nanoliter droplets and channels. This method offers a cost-effective and rapid approach for potential neonatal disease screening.

Keywords:
digital microfluidicsenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Digital microfluidic (DMF) platforms offer precise control over nanoliter droplets for assays.
  • Integrating pressure-driven channels with droplet manipulation enhances washing efficiency in immunoassays.
  • Magnetic bead-based immunoassays require efficient washing steps for reliable results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a heterogeneous immunoassay on a DMF platform.
  • To demonstrate the combined use of droplet and channel functionalities for improved assay performance.
  • To establish a cost-effective and rapid method for detecting biomarkers like interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Main Methods:

  • A magnetic bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was implemented on a DMF device.
  • Nanoliter droplets (~60 nL) of human IL-6 sample were manipulated.
  • Wash buffer was introduced via a wall-less, pressure-driven channel at 10 μL/min.
  • Bead retention rate and flow rate were optimized for assay reliability.
  • Colorimetric readout was analyzed using the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color space.

Main Results:

  • Achieved approximately 100% bead retention rate during washing steps.
  • Optimized critical parameters including wash flow rate for reliable assay outcomes.
  • Demonstrated a cost-effective colorimetric readout without specialized equipment.
  • Successfully detected human interleukin-6 (IL-6) using the integrated DMF system.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated DMF platform effectively performs heterogeneous immunoassays with high efficiency.
  • The developed method provides a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable approach for biomarker detection.
  • This technology holds potential for point-of-care applications, such as neonatal disease screening from finger prick blood samples.