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Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

Buffers

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...

Buffer Effectiveness

Buffer Effectiveness

Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

Published on: October 23, 2014

Self-Assembly and Stability of Aqueous CdTe Quantum Dots in Buffer Components.

Yue Zhao¹, Zhixiang Jiang¹, Tao Wang¹

¹School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China.

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

|February 16, 2019

Summary

Quantum dots (QDs) stability in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is crucial for bio-applications. Phosphate ions in PBS decrease the photoluminescence of cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs, impacting their use in patterned materials.

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Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

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Published on: October 9, 2012

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Biochemistry

Background:

Quantum dots (QDs) stability in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is critical for their successful integration into various bio-applications.
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs, known for their high photoluminescence (PL) efficiency, are often utilized in biological imaging and sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the self-assembly behavior of red-emitting CdTe QDs within PBS solutions.
To understand the influence of buffer components on QD assembly and photoluminescence properties.
To assess the stability of CdTe QDs in PBS for potential pattern manufacturing applications.

Main Methods:

Preparation of red-emitting CdTe QDs using thioglycolic acid capping agent.
Investigation of QD assembly on slide glass via recrystallization of buffer components (NaCl, KCl, phosphate salts).
Analysis of photoluminescence (PL) spectra and stability of QDs in composite structures and PBS solutions.

Main Results:

CdTe QDs homogeneously assembled into leaf or flake-shaped composites through the recrystallization of buffer salts.
Self-assembly led to fractal structures with narrowed photoluminescence spectra compared to initial QD solutions.
Phosphate ions (H₂PO₄⁻ and HPO₄²⁻) were identified as key factors in reducing QD photoluminescence in PBS.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates a method for assembling CdTe QDs into patterned structures using buffer salts, offering potential for microfabrication.
Phosphate ions in PBS significantly impact the photoluminescence stability of CdTe QDs, a critical consideration for their bio-application.
Understanding these interactions is vital for optimizing QD performance in biological and sensing applications.