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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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What is a Mode?01:07

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The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
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Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
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Highly efficient cladding-pumped single-mode three-level Yb all-solid photonic bandgap fiber lasers.

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    We achieved record efficiency in cladding-pumped Ytterbium (Yb) fiber lasers by suppressing competing systems. This breakthrough enables higher power output for flexible fiber laser applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Cladding-pumped three-level Ytterbium (Yb) fiber lasers are challenging due to competing four-level systems and high inversion requirements.
    • Achieving high efficiency in these systems is critical for advanced laser applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a highly efficient cladding-pumped three-level Yb fiber laser.
    • To overcome limitations hindering efficiency in Yb fiber laser systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a photo-darkening-free Yb phosphosilicate core.
    • Employed advanced single-mode large-core all-solid photonic bandgap fiber designs.
    • Implemented a single-pass pump configuration.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a record coupled pump efficiency of ~62.7% for cladding-pumped fiber lasers.
    • Generated 84 W of power at ~978 nm with a beam quality of ~1.12 M².
    • Suppressed amplified spontaneous emission by over 40 dB.
    • Demonstrated efficiency approaching the quantum limit (~94% vs. absorbed pump).

    Conclusions:

    • The developed Yb fiber laser design overcomes previous efficiency limitations.
    • The use of specialized fiber cores and designs enables high power and beam quality.
    • This work sets a new benchmark for cladding-pumped Yb fiber laser performance.