Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vertical Curve: Problem Solving

Vertical Curve: Problem Solving

Vertical curves provide the transition between two roadway grades, ensuring safety, comfort, and functionality. Calculating elevations at specific stations along the curve involves several systematic steps based on the curve's geometry and provided design parameters.The vertical curve is defined by its length, grades, Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.) location, and P.V.I. elevation. The stations of the Point of Vertical Curvature (P.V.C.), where the curve begins, and the Point of Vertical...

Alterations in Respiration II

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...

Support Reactions in Three Dimensions

Support Reactions in Three Dimensions

Support reactions in three dimensions help maintain the stability and equilibrium of various structures and systems. These reactions prevent the system from translating and rotating, ensuring the design can withstand external forces and perform its intended function efficiently and safely. Some of the supports providing support reactions in three dimensions are discussed below:
Ball and Socket Joint is one of the supports allowing free rotation about any axis. This freedom of rotation is...

Relative Velocity in One Dimension

Relative Velocity in One Dimension

The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...

Altered States of Awareness

Altered States of Awareness

Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain...

Introduction to Vertical Curves

Introduction to Vertical Curves

Vertical curves are parabolic transitions that connect different grades on highways and railroads, ensuring a smooth alignment between back and forward tangents. The back tangent represents the initial grade, while the forward tangent defines the subsequent grade. These curves can be symmetrical, with equal tangent lengths, or nonsymmetrical, with varying lengths. The key points defining a vertical curve include the Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.), where the tangents meet; the Point of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Respiratory pauses highlight sleep architecture in mice.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Head direction cells use a head-referenced dual-axis updating rule in 3D space.

Communications biology·2026

Same author

Human hippocampal theta-gamma coupling coordinates sequential planning during navigation.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same author

Dynamical modulation of hippocampal replay through firing rate adaptation.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Allocentric and egocentric spatial representations coexist in rodent medial entorhinal cortex.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Neuronal oscillations in cognition: Down syndrome as a model of mouse to human translation.

The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry·2024

Same journal

Costunolide ameliorates autoimmune uveitis by targeting USP15 to suppress TNF-α-induced retinal endothelial inflammation.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

A ligandable PNT domain establishes ERG as a directly targetable oncogenic driver in prostate cancer.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

Identification of cellular intermediates unveils unique enzymes for flagellar glycan biosynthesis in <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

The structure of correlated variability reflects task-relevant information in sensory neurons.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

Shared neurogenetic substrates of nonplanning impulsivity and procrastination.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

HIV-1 capsid interactions with Nuclear Pore Complex components support nuclear entry via affinity gradient.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

Published on: November 25, 2017

Altered neural odometry in the vertical dimension.

Giulio Casali¹, Daniel Bush^2,3, Kate Jeffery⁴

¹Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|February 17, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Entorhinal grid cells create a spatial map, but their orientation and scale change depending on body position. This suggests the brain integrates self-motion and gravity cues to form cognitive maps.

Keywords:

entorhinal cortex grid cells hippocampus place cells three-dimensional space

More Related Videos

Detection of Copy Number Alterations Using Single Cell Sequencing

Detection of Copy Number Alterations Using Single Cell Sequencing

Published on: February 17, 2017

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

Published on: December 7, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

Published on: November 25, 2017

Detection of Copy Number Alterations Using Single Cell Sequencing

Detection of Copy Number Alterations Using Single Cell Sequencing

Published on: February 17, 2017

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

Published on: December 7, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Spatial Navigation
Cognitive Science

Background:

Entorhinal grid cells provide a spatial metric crucial for cognitive map formation.
The configuration of this spatial metric in 3D space remains an open question.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how the body's orientation influences the spatial organization of entorhinal grid cell firing fields.
To understand the integration of egocentric and allocentric cues in spatial representation.

Main Methods:

Recorded entorhinal grid cell activity in rats climbing a vertical surface.
Analyzed firing field characteristics (shape, size, density) and physiological indices of running speed.

Main Results:

Grid cells formed stable, circular firing fields on a vertical surface, unlike horizontal exploration.
Fields were larger and sparser, suggesting altered odometric processing and reduced running speed gain.
Hippocampal place fields remained unchanged in size and shape but were sparser.

Conclusions:

The body plane (egocentric) and gravity axis (allocentric) interact to orient and scale the grid cell map.
Spatial maps are anisotropic, with different properties on vertical versus horizontal surfaces.
Sensory and locomotor information availability on vertical surfaces impacts spatial representation.