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Related Concept Videos

Bioavailability: Overview01:17

Bioavailability: Overview

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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in its active, unaltered form. It is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that determines the effectiveness of a drug in achieving its intended therapeutic outcomes. The route of administration significantly influences bioavailability, with intravenous administration achieving 100% bioavailability as the drug directly enters the bloodstream. In contrast, oral administration often results in...
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Bioavailability: Overview01:13

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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
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Bioavailability Study Design: Absolute Versus Relative Bioavailability01:27

Bioavailability Study Design: Absolute Versus Relative Bioavailability

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Bioavailability is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic action. Regulatory agencies mandate the assessment of bioavailability, typically measured as the area under the drug plasma concentration-versus-time curve (AUC), to ensure the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products. These evaluations are categorized as absolute and relative bioavailability studies.Absolute...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems01:22

Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems

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Body:Bioavailability is a critical pharmacological concept that measures the extent and rate at which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety enters the systemic circulation, remaining unchanged. It's a pivotal factor in determining a drug's efficacy and safety.The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) plays an essential role in drug development by categorizing drugs into four classes based on their solubility and permeability. This classification aids in understanding drug...
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Bioavailability: Influencing Factors01:22

Bioavailability: Influencing Factors

366
Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which a drug reaches systemic circulation in its active form. Extent refers to the amount of the drug that makes it into circulation, while rate is the speed at which it enters circulation. It is influenced by several factors critical for optimizing drug formulations, dosing regimens, and therapeutic outcomes.Physicochemical properties of drugs and formulationsThe solubility, stability, and dissolution rate of a drug significantly impact its...
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
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An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium
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Wheat straw biochar reduces environmental cadmium bioavailability.

Liqiang Cui1, Matt R Noerpel2, Kirk G Scheckel2

  • 1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, No. 211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng 224003, China; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1170, USA.

Environment International
|February 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Wheat straw biochar effectively removes cadmium (Cd) from contaminated water and soil, reducing its bioavailability. This biochar application promotes the formation of less toxic cadmium compounds, aiding environmental remediation and human health protection.

Keywords:
BCR methodBiochar (BC)CadmiumContaminated paddy soilSynchrotronX-ray absorption spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science
  • Environmental Chemistry

Background:

  • Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil and water poses risks to food chains and human health.
  • Reducing bioavailable cadmium is crucial for environmental remediation.
  • Biochar, a soil amendment, shows potential for heavy metal remediation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term effects of wheat straw biochar on cadmium sorption and bioavailability in soil and solution.
  • To identify the chemical forms of cadmium after biochar application.
  • To assess biochar's efficacy in reducing cadmium accumulation and trophic transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Long-term laboratory incubation experiments (240 days) using wheat straw biochar at 0, 5, and 15% concentrations.
  • European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) chemical sequential extraction.
  • Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).

Main Results:

  • Biochar achieved up to ~90% removal of cadmium from contaminated solutions and soil compared to controls.
  • Biochar application promoted the formation of stable cadmium phases, including (oxy)hydroxide, carbonate, and organically bound forms.
  • Combined chemical extraction and XAS confirmed the transformation of cadmium into less bioavailable species.

Conclusions:

  • Wheat straw biochar is an effective material for reducing bioavailable cadmium in contaminated environments.
  • Biochar application can mitigate cadmium bioaccumulation and trophic transfer, improving environmental quality and human health.
  • Biochar offers a promising strategy for the remediation of cadmium-polluted soils and waters.