Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

101.3K
Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
101.3K
Classical Conditioning01:18

Classical Conditioning

2.1K
Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs...
2.1K
Conditions of Equilibrium01:28

Conditions of Equilibrium

2.1K
Equilibrium refers to a state where a rigid body is not subjected to any translational or rotational motion. This state is achieved when the force and couple acting on a rigid body equal zero. When the system of external forces results in a net effect equivalent to zero, the rigid body is considered to be in equilibrium.
Internal forces are not considered for conditions of equilibrium because they occur in equal and opposite pairs within the body, effectively canceling each other. As a result,...
2.1K
Operant Conditioning01:21

Operant Conditioning

2.9K
Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
Reinforcement in operant conditioning can be positive or negative, both of which serve to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive...
2.9K
Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

Conditioned Taste Aversion

569
Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single...
569
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

954
Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
The surface integral of an electric field is given by Gauss's law in integral form and is related to...
954

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Genetic and clinical characterization of a novel FH founder mutation in families with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases·2024
Same author

Iodotyrosines Are Biomarkers for Preclinical Stages of Iodine-Deficient Hypothyroidism in <i>Dehal1</i>-Knockout Mice.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association·2023
Same author

Thyroid hormone regulators in human cerebral cortex development.

The Journal of endocrinology·2022
Same author

Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling of Thyroid Hormone Effectors in the Human Fetal Neocortex: Expression of <i>SLCO1C1</i>, <i>DIO2</i>, and <i>THRB</i> in Specific Cell Types.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association·2021
Same author

Brain Gene Expression in Systemic Hypothyroidism and Mouse Models of MCT8 Deficiency: The Mct8-Oatp1c1-Dio2 Triad.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association·2020
Same author

Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer Syndrome in Spain: Clinical and Genetic Characterization.

Cancers·2020
Same journal

Resmetirom and semaglutide therapy for patients with MAFLD in the MENA region: expert panel recommendations.

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

The relationship between iron deficiency and thyroid function: findings from a population-based study in Jordan.

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Beyond normalization: rethinking optimal prolactin levels in prolactinoma management.

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Surgical considerations for adult Graves' disease: a narrative review of indications, perioperative challenges and postoperative outcomes.

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Is metformin therapy limiting the benefits of exercise?

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same journal

What is the role of amylin as an emerging therapeutic agent in obesity?

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Collecting the Brain and Serum from the Same Mice Fetus to Study Brain Tumor Development
05:44

Author Spotlight: Collecting the Brain and Serum from the Same Mice Fetus to Study Brain Tumor Development

Published on: May 17, 2024

1.0K

Hypothyroxinemia: a subclinical condition affecting neurodevelopment.

Pere Berbel1, Juan Bernal2

  • 1a Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado de Correos 18, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain. pere.berbel@umh.es.

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|February 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mild maternal hypothyroxinemia, even in iodine-sufficient areas, may risk neurodevelopmental issues in children. Animal models show abnormal brain development, supporting the need for adequate iodine intake during pregnancy.

Keywords:
cerebral cortexiodine deficiency disordersiodine supplementationneurocognitive outcomepregnancytransient hypothyroxinemia of preterm children

More Related Videos

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice
07:02

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Published on: March 20, 2014

34.0K
Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes
06:41

Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes

Published on: June 27, 2022

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Collecting the Brain and Serum from the Same Mice Fetus to Study Brain Tumor Development
05:44

Author Spotlight: Collecting the Brain and Serum from the Same Mice Fetus to Study Brain Tumor Development

Published on: May 17, 2024

1.0K
Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice
07:02

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Published on: March 20, 2014

34.0K
Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes
06:41

Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes

Published on: June 27, 2022

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hypothyroxinemia (low free thyroxine, normal thyrotropin) can affect pregnant women, even in areas presumed iodine-sufficient.
  • The impact of this condition on fetal neurodevelopment remains a subject of debate.
  • Iodine deficiency is a primary cause, with implications for maternal and child health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential link between maternal hypothyroxinemia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in offspring.
  • To assess the relevance of epidemiological observations and animal model findings regarding this association.
  • To highlight the importance of iodine intake recommendations for pregnant women.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological observations linking maternal hypothyroxinemia to child neurodevelopment.
  • Analysis of findings from animal models demonstrating effects on brain cortical cytoarchitecture.
  • Examination of current iodine supplementation guidelines from WHO and ICCIDD.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiological data suggest a correlation between maternal hypothyroxinemia and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children.
  • Animal studies corroborate these findings, showing abnormal brain development in offspring of hypothyroxinemic dams.
  • Inadequate iodized salt use (<90% of households) is a concern in many regions.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal hypothyroxinemia poses a potential risk to fetal neurodevelopment.
  • Adequate iodine intake is crucial during gestation and lactation, especially in areas with insufficient iodized salt access.
  • Recommendations for iodine supplementation (250 µg/day) are vital for preventing iodine deficiency disorders.