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Related Concept Videos

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Enzymes02:34

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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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Bacterial bioreactors: Outer membrane vesicles for enzyme encapsulation.

Kendrick B Turner1, Scott N Dean2, Scott A Walper1

  • 1U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States.

Methods in Enzymology
|February 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) offer versatile applications in bioremediation and therapeutics. This study details methods for directing protein packaging into MVs for enhanced functionality.

Keywords:
Bacterial outer membrane vesiclesDynamic light scatteringEncapsulationEnzymeNanoSightNanoparticlesUltracentrifugation

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Microbiology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanoparticles with inherent functionality.
  • Engineered MVs can be functionalized with specific proteins and peptides.
  • MVs have potential applications in bioremediation, catalysis, and therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail mechanisms for directing recombinant protein and peptide packaging into bacterial MVs.
  • To focus on active and passive packaging strategies using cellular and engineered systems.
  • To outline common methods for MV purification, quantitation, and characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of active and passive packaging mechanisms for protein/peptide incorporation.
  • Utilizing Gram-negative bacteria for MV production.
  • Review of purification, quantitation, and characterization techniques for MVs.

Main Results:

  • Established methods for directed packaging of proteins and peptides into MVs.
  • Demonstrated feasibility of both active and passive loading strategies.
  • Provided a comprehensive overview of essential MV characterization techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Directed protein packaging enhances the functionality of bacterial MVs.
  • Bacterial MVs are promising platforms for diverse biotechnological applications.
  • Standardized methods are crucial for reliable MV-based research and development.