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Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

1.7K
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...
1.7K
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

37.0K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
37.0K
Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

57.1K
Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.1K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.1K
Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

26.4K
Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
26.4K
Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

58.5K
The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
58.5K

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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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pH-Responsive Pillar[6]arene-based Water-Soluble Supramolecular Hexagonal Boxes.

Dana Kaizerman-Kane1, Maya Hadar1, Noam Tal1

  • 1School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed the first water-soluble pH-responsive supramolecular hexagonal boxes (SHBs). These novel structures reversibly open and close, enabling controlled guest molecule release for diverse applications.

Keywords:
mellitic acidmolecular boxmultivalencypillar[6]arenesupramolecular chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Supramolecular hexagonal boxes (SHBs) are complex structures with potential applications in molecular encapsulation and delivery.
  • Developing water-soluble and responsive SHBs is crucial for their practical use in biological and chemical systems.
  • pH-responsiveness offers a controllable mechanism for manipulating SHB structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the first water-soluble pH-responsive supramolecular hexagonal boxes (SHBs).
  • To investigate the mechanism of guest molecule encapsulation and release triggered by pH changes.
  • To explore the potential of these SHBs for modular preparation and diverse applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of peramino-pillar[6]arenes and their complexation with mellitic acid derivatives.
  • Utilizing charge-assisted hydrogen bonds for the formation of SHBs.
  • Employing a combination of experimental techniques (e.g., NMR, Mass Spectrometry) and computational modeling.
  • Investigating the pH-responsive behavior through guest exchange studies.

Main Results:

  • Successfully prepared water-soluble pH-responsive SHBs using peramino-pillar[6]arenes and mellitic acid.
  • Demonstrated reversible opening and closing of SHBs, leading to controlled guest molecule release.
  • Observed immediate guest escape and formation of closed boxes upon addition of mellitic acid to protonated pillar[6]arene complexes.
  • Confirmed the pH-responsive and reversible nature of the SHB assembly and disassembly process.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a novel and modular approach for constructing water-soluble pH-responsive SHBs.
  • These SHBs exhibit controllable guest threading and escaping, driven by pH changes.
  • The findings open avenues for the development of advanced materials with tunable properties for various applications, including drug delivery and sensing.