Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 28, 2026

06:19
Chinese Herbal Retention Enema for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Published on: May 16, 2025
1.5K
A Retrospective Study of Chinese-Specific Glabellar Contraction Patterns
Daniel Meng-Yen Hsieh1, Shaomin Zhong1, Xinyun Tong1
1Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
Summary
This study classified glabellar contraction patterns in Chinese individuals. The findings identified common patterns like "converging arrows" and "11," aiding botulinum toxin injection strategies for this population.
Area of Science:
- Cosmetic dermatology
- Facial anatomy
- Medical aesthetics
Background:
- Botulinum toxin is a recognized treatment for glabellar lines.
- Previous research established 5 categories for glabellar contraction patterns.
Purpose of the Study:
- To classify glabellar contraction patterns in a large Chinese population.
- To establish a reference for botulinum toxin injections in Chinese patients.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective photographic analysis of 489 Chinese subjects treated with botulinum toxin.
- Classification of glabellar contraction patterns using two established systems.
- Analysis by a panel of certified Chinese dermatologists.
Main Results:
- Glabellar contraction patterns in Chinese differ from Caucasian and Korean populations.
- The most frequent patterns observed were "converging arrows" and "11."
- Identified key muscles for targeted botulinum toxin treatment.
Conclusions:
- Both classification systems are applicable to the Chinese population, with varying distributions.
- The de Almeida classification system offers a more balanced distribution and practical reference for dermatologists.
- This classification aids in guiding treatment strategies for glabellar lines in Chinese patients.
Related Concept Videos
Muscle Contraction
96.2K
96.2K
Muscle Contraction
8.9K
In skeletal muscles, acetylcholine is released by nerve terminals at the motor endplate—the point of synaptic communication between motor neurons and muscle fibers. The binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the sarcolemma allows entry of sodium ions into the cell and triggers an action potential in the muscle cell. Thus, electrical signals from the brain are transmitted to the muscle. Subsequently, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to prevent excessive...
8.9K
Smooth Muscle Contraction
7.7K
Smooth muscle contraction is a complex process vital for various bodily functions, from maintaining blood vessel tension to facilitating the movement of food through the digestive tract. Unlike striated muscles, smooth muscle contraction begins more slowly and lasts longer.
The onset of contraction is triggered by an increase in calcium ions within the sarcoplasm, similar to the process in striated muscle. However, smooth muscles have a relatively smaller reservoir of the sarcoplasmic...
The onset of contraction is triggered by an increase in calcium ions within the sarcoplasm, similar to the process in striated muscle. However, smooth muscles have a relatively smaller reservoir of the sarcoplasmic...
7.7K
Fixed Action Patterns
17.6K
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
17.6K
Energy Supply for Muscle Contraction
5.6K
Skeletal muscle fibers have the unique ability to switch between rest and contraction states, using different sources of ATP for energy. The contraction cycle and Ca2+ transport back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for relaxation require significant ATP. However, the ATP reserves in muscle fibers are limited and can only sustain contractions for a few seconds. Additional ATP production becomes necessary for prolonged contractions. As a result, muscle fibers generate ATP through various sources,...
5.6K
Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions
7.0K
Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while...
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while...
7.0K

