Statistical binning leads to profound model violation due to gene tree error incurred by trying to avoid gene tree...

Fundamental to all phylogenomic studies is the notion that increasing the amount of data - to entire genomes when possible - will increase the accuracy of phylogenetic inference. Simply adding more data does not, however, guarantee phylogenomic inferences will be more accurate. Even genome-scale reconstructions of species histories can suffer the effects of both incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and gene tree estimation error (GTEE). Weighted statistical binning was originally proposed as a technique to assist the avian phylogenomics project in solving the bird tree of life, which has long eluded resolution as a result of both ILS and GTEE. These so-called "statistical binning procedures" seek to overcome GTEE by concatenating loci into longer multi-locus "supergenes" that are used to reconstruct a species tree under the assumption that the supergene tree set is an accurate estimate of the true underlying gene tree distribution. Here we evaluate the performance of the method using the original avian phylogenomics dataset. Our results suggest that statistical binning constructs false supergenes that concatenate loci with different coalescent histories more often than not: >92% of supergenes comprise discordant loci. Our results underscore a major logical inconsistency: GTEE - the sole justification for using statistical binning instead of standard concatenation - also makes these methods unreliable. These findings underscore the need for developing new robust frameworks for phylogenomic inference that more appropriately accommodate GTEE and ILS at a genome-wide scale.