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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase transitions in mutualistic communities under invasion.

Samuel R Bray1, Yuhang Fan1, Bo Wang2

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America.

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Summary

Predicting species invasion is difficult. This study reveals that species invasion outcomes can shift abruptly, like physical phase transitions, due to continuous environmental changes and species interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Theoretical Ecology
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • Predicting species invasion outcomes is challenging due to ecological non-equilibrium dynamics.
  • Classical ecological models often fail as they are typically fitted to equilibrium conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address limitations in predicting species invasion by analyzing transition dynamics.
  • To investigate how continuous changes induce discontinuous invasion outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Solving transition dynamics of a cross-feeding community.
  • Analyzing invasion dynamics along a carrying capacity manifold.
  • Modeling species-resource interactions and growth strategy overlap.

Main Results:

  • Continuous changes in invader traits and environment cause discontinuous invasion outcomes, mimicking physical phase transitions.
  • Sharp transitions are emergent properties of species-resource interactions.
  • The order of transitions (first or second order) depends on the overlap in species' growth strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Ecological invasion dynamics can exhibit phase transition-like behavior.
  • Species-resource interactions and growth strategy overlap are key drivers of invasion outcomes.
  • Environmental variations can be used to spatially organize species during invasions.