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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching II: Planning and Implementation01:24

Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching II: Planning and Implementation

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Planning for learning involves the development of a teaching plan. Teaching plans are similar to nursing care plans—both follow the steps of the nursing process. Planning in the teaching process involves setting goals and outcomes. Here, goals identify what a patient needs to achieve to understand a healthcare topic better, whereas the outcomes are the action to be performed by the patient to achieve the goal within a timeframe. For example, if the goal is to educate the patient about...
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Sampling Plans01:23

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Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
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Planning Nursing Care I01:21

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The planning phase of the nursing process helps nurses set priorities, outline patient-centered goals and expected outcomes, and tailor nursing interventions to align with the aligned care plan. Through the planning phase, the nurse applies critical thinking skills to align and develop interventions according to the patient's needs. It provides continuity of care allowing patients to receive the maximum benefit from treatment. It serves as a pilot plan for allocating individual staff to a...
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Planning Nursing Care II01:29

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A nursing care plan can present in two forms: informal and formal. Informal is a care plan for the individual use of the nurse and goals they wish to accomplish during their shift. Informal care plans are not included in the patient chart. A formal nursing care plan is a written or computerized guide that organizes patient care. It is further subdivided into two: standardized and individualized care plans. Standardized care plans are pre-populated care plans for specific patient populations,...
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Dimensional Analysis03:40

Dimensional Analysis

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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Creation of Patient-Specific Silicone Cardiac Models with Applications in Pre-surgical Plans and Hands-on Training
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Cardiac patient-specific three-dimensional models as surgical planning tools.

Michael G Bateman1, William K Durfee2, Tinen L Iles1

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Visible Heart Laboratories, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

Surgery
|February 23, 2019
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Summary

Three-dimensional printing is revolutionizing medicine by creating patient-specific anatomical models from medical images. These models enhance surgical planning and patient education, particularly in cardiovascular medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Additive manufacturing technologies, including three-dimensional printing, are advancing rapidly.
  • Innovations in materials, resolution, and speed enhance realism and accuracy.

Background:

  • Three-dimensional printing builds objects from digital models using additive manufacturing.
  • Medical applications are expanding due to technological improvements.

Observation:

  • Medical images (CT, MRI) are converted into detailed 3D models through segmentation and expert intervention.
  • Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) files are the standard source for medical imaging data.

Findings:

  • Cardiovascular medicine is a key area for medical 3D printing applications.
  • 3D printed models are used for patient education, preprocedural planning, and device prototyping.
  • Case studies demonstrate the contribution of 3D printing to cardiac patient care.

Implications:

  • 3D modeling and printing are extensively used for surgical planning and creating simulators.
  • Further research is needed to confirm cost-effectiveness and clinical outcome improvements for routine adoption.