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Related Concept Videos

Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
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Centroid of a Body01:16

Centroid of a Body

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The centroid is an important concept in engineering, physics, and mechanics. It is the geometric center of a body. It always lies within the body except in cases with holes or cavities. When the material that a body is composed of is uniform or homogeneous, the centroid coincides with its center of mass or the center of gravity.
For a homogeneous body with constant density, the centroid can usually be found using equations representing a balance of the moments of the body's volume. If the...
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Free-body Diagram01:28

Free-body Diagram

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In mechanics, understanding the motion of objects is essential, and one tool that helps solve this problem is the free-body diagram. It is a simple but powerful graphical representation that succinctly represents all the forces acting on an object. A free-body diagram can represent a stationary or moving object, and is used in mechanics to explain the cause of an object's motion.
A free-body diagram transforms a complex problem into a simple representation, making it easy to understand the...
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Composite Bodies00:55

Composite Bodies

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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
Composite bodies have widespread applications in mechanical engineering, from automobiles to aircraft to rockets. For example, an automobile wheel comprises...
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Whole Body Regeneration01:33

Whole Body Regeneration

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Regeneration is the process of restoring injured or lost tissues, organs, or body parts. While simpler organisms generally show greater ability to regenerate their whole body, few complex animals show similarly exceptional regeneration. For example, planarian flatworms have a unique regenerative potential making them a popular study organism among biologists to understand the mechanisms of whole body regeneration. Other organisms, such as hydra, also show extreme regeneration potential;...
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
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Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

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Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Small Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinomas.

R Yeung1, L Beaton2, T Rackley2

  • 1Halvorson Cancer Center, Evergreen Health Medical Center, Kirkland, Washington, USA.

Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))
|February 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) offers high local control for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients ineligible for other treatments. While toxicities occurred, SBRT is safe and effective, even after prior therapies, with further treatments possible post-SBRT.

Keywords:
Hepatocellular carcinomaStereotactic body radiotherapy

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A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis
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Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary oncology
  • Radiation oncology
  • Medical physics

Background:

  • Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an emerging treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • It is particularly considered for patients unsuitable for standard local therapies.
  • This study focuses on SBRT for small HCC tumors (≤5 cm).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of SBRT in treating small HCC tumors.
  • To assess local control, progression-free survival, overall survival, and toxicity.
  • To analyze factors influencing outcomes in HCC patients treated with SBRT.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 31 patients with Child-Pugh Class A or B HCC (≤5 cm) were treated with SBRT.
  • The median follow-up was 18.3 months.
  • Most patients received 45 Gy in three or five fractions, with primary endpoints including local control, survival, and toxicity.

Main Results:

  • One-year local control was 94% and overall survival was 84%.
  • Forty-nine percent achieved one-year progression-free survival, with 81% receiving further HCC therapy upon progression.
  • 32% experienced ≥ grade 3 toxicities, and 19% had a ≥2 point Child-Pugh score deterioration, often transient.

Conclusions:

  • SBRT demonstrates high local control for inoperable small HCC.
  • It is safely delivered even after prior liver-directed therapies, and subsequent treatments are feasible.
  • While toxicities and liver function changes occurred, they were generally transient; further research into combined therapies is warranted to improve systemic disease control.