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    Complex ecological communities involve indirect effects influencing species traits and abundances. These indirect interactions can weaken natural selection and reduce local adaptation in intricate food webs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Community Ecology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Food Web Dynamics

    Background:

    • Species interactions form complex ecological communities, where indirect effects mediate trait and abundance changes.
    • Indirect ecological effects are linked to phenotypic selection, suggesting their role in understanding community evolution.
    • Previous research often simplifies food webs, potentially overlooking complex indirect interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore indirect ecological effects and their evolutionary consequences in a multispecies food web.
    • To investigate how intermediate species' traits and abundances mediate ecological interactions.
    • To assess the impact of indirect effects on phenotypic selection and local adaptation.

    Main Methods:

    • Studied a well-understood food web including a plant, herbivores, and their enemies.
    • Analyzed how indirect interactions alter traits and abundances of intermediate species.
    • Examined the resulting changes in enemy attack rates and selection pressures.

    Main Results:

    • Indirect ecological interactions were mediated by changes in both traits and abundances of intermediate species.
    • These changes led to reduced enemy attack and weakened selection on herbivore defensive phenotypes.
    • Complex food webs may exhibit less local adaptation and eco-evolutionary feedback than simpler food chains.

    Conclusions:

    • Indirect ecological effects significantly influence evolutionary processes within complex communities.
    • The link between indirect effects and selection is generalizable across different interaction networks.
    • Integrating selection into complex interaction networks can bridge community ecology and evolutionary biology.