The Automated Pyruvate Method as a Quality Test for Grade A Milk

Concentrations of pyruvate in Grade A raw and pasteurized milks were determined by an automated procedure. The method was sensitive to 0.1 mg of pyruvate per liter and the coefficient of variation of the method was 1.6% for a sample of milk containing 3 mg/1. Since about twice as much pyruvate was produced in samples incubated 24 h at 20 C compared with 15 C, the higher temperature is suggested for the pyruvate difference test (ΔP); however, psychrotrophs would more likely be detected with an incubation temperature of 15 C. Pyruvate difference tests of pure cultures in steamed milk distinguished between concentrations approximating 10² and 10³ Pseudomonas fragi , 10³ and 10⁴ Pseudomonas fluorescens , and between 10⁴ and 10⁵ Escherichia coli , Streptococcus faecalis , Lactobacillus acidophilus and Micrococcus luteus , but did not distinguish between 10⁴ and 10⁵ initial concentrations of six other gram-positive bacteria and Salmonella typhi . Both the initial pyruvate (IP) concentration and the ΔP in raw milk were correlated with the logarithm of the Wisconsin Mastitis Test score, suggesting that somatic cells contribute to pyruvate content. Correlations of IP and ΔP with Standard Plate Counts of raw and pasteurized milks were low or insignificant and only with raw milk from normal quarters was there a significant correlation of IP and ΔP with initial Psychrotrophic Plate Counts (PPC). Rates of pyruvate production by pure cultures in steamed milk and by the mixed natural flora of pasteurized milk were consistent with rates of growth. However, certain psychrotrophic bacteria reduced the concentration of pyruvate to undetectable levels after producing 10 or more mg/1. Suggestions are made regarding applicability of the test in controlling keeping quality of pasteurized milk and in receiving of bulk raw milk.