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Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
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Carboxylic acids are the strongest among organic acids, as they readily lose the hydroxyl proton to form a resonance-stabilized carboxylate ion. In comparison, the acid derivatives lack acidic hydrogens directly attached to a functional group. In these compounds, the acidic nature arises from their ability to lose α hydrogens, making them weakly acidic.
The relative acidic strength of the derivatives can be explained based on the extent of resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. The...
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Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
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Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and...
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Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
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Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:15

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

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Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
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Large fatty acid-derived Aβ42 oligomers form ring-like assemblies.

Wenhui Xi1, Dexter N Dean2, Kelli A Stockmal3

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Alzheimer disease (AD) is primarily caused by toxic low molecular weight oligomers of amyloid-beta (Aβ).
  • Understanding Aβ oligomer structure is crucial for elucidating AD molecular pathology.
  • Previous work showed Aβ42 peptides form Large Fatty Acid-derived Oligomers (LFAOs) (12-24mers) in the presence of fatty acids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the detailed structures of 12mer and 24mer LFAOs.
  • To investigate the functional differences and similarities between 12mer and 24mer LFAOs.
  • To correlate structural findings with observed biophysical and cellular properties.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamic simulations.
  • Biophysical measurements.
  • Structural analysis of Aβ oligomers.

Main Results:

  • LFAOs predominantly exist as 12mers at low and 24mers at high concentrations.
  • 12mer LFAOs are more neurotoxic and self-replicating than 24mer LFAOs.
  • 12mers form double-layered hexamer rings (6x2), and 24mers form double-layered dodecamer rings (12x2).
  • Aβ units adopt an S-shaped conformation within LFAOs.
  • Concentration and pH-dependent reorganization underlies LFAO assembly and properties.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the distinct structures of 12mer and 24mer LFAOs.
  • Structural differences explain the varying neurotoxicity and propagation mechanisms of LFAOs.
  • Findings provide molecular insights into Aβ oligomer formation and its role in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.