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Earliness Per Se by Temperature Interaction on Wheat Development.

Helga Ochagavía1, Paula Prieto1, Meluleki Zikhali2,3

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Earliness per se (Eps) genes in wheat are not purely constitutive. Temperature significantly impacts their effect on heading time, with lower temperatures amplifying differences between early and late alleles.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics and breeding
  • Crop physiology
  • Environmental interactions in agriculture

Background:

  • Earliness per se (Eps) describes genetic differences in plant development that persist even when environmental factors like photoperiod and vernalization are met.
  • These Eps effects have been traditionally viewed as constitutive and independent of environmental influences.
  • The specific impact of temperature on Eps gene effects in hexaploid wheat has not been previously investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of temperature on earliness per se (Eps) gene effects in hexaploid wheat.
  • To determine if Eps genes interact with temperature to influence time to heading.
  • To characterize the cardinal temperatures associated with different Eps alleles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing four near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the Eps-D1 gene on chromosome 1D in hexaploid wheat.
  • Growing these NILs across a range of controlled temperatures (6°C to 24°C).
  • Analyzing heading times and identifying interactions between Eps alleles and temperature treatments.

Main Results:

  • Lines with Eps-late alleles consistently showed later heading times than those with Eps-early alleles across all temperatures.
  • A significant Eps x temperature interaction was observed, with the magnitude of the Eps effect increasing as temperatures decreased.
  • This temperature sensitivity was primarily linked to the late reproductive phase, and differences in base, optimum, and maximum temperatures for Eps alleles were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Earliness per se (Eps) effects in hexaploid wheat are not purely constitutive and are significantly influenced by temperature.
  • An Eps x temperature interaction exists, impacting heading time, particularly at lower temperatures during the late reproductive stage.
  • The candidate gene for Eps-D1, ELF3, exhibits temperature-dependent expression, further supporting the role of temperature in regulating these developmental pathways.