An electrochemical aptamer-based sensor for the rapid and convenient measurement of L-tryptophan

The field of precision medicine-the possibility to accurately tailor pharmacological treatments to each specific patient-would be significantly advanced by the ability to rapidly, conveniently, and cost-effectively measure biomarkers directly at the point of care. Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors appear a promising approach to this end due to their low cost, ease of use, and good analytical performance in complex clinical samples. Thus motivated, we present here the development of an E-AB sensor for the measurement of the amino acid L-tryptophan, a diagnostic marker indicative of a number of metabolic and mental health disorders, in urine. The sensor employs a previously reported DNA aptamer able to recognize the complex formed between tryptophan and a rhodium-based receptor. We adopted the aptamer to the E-AB sensing platform by truncating it, causing it to undergo a binding-induced conformational change, modifying it with a redox-reporting methylene blue, and attaching it to an interrogating electrode. The resulting sensor is able to measure tryptophan concentrations in the micromolar range in minutes and readily discriminates between its target and other aromatic and non-aromatic amino acids. Using it, we demonstrate the measurement of clinically relevant tryptophan levels in synthetic urine in a process requiring only a single dilution step. The speed and convenience with which this is achieved suggest that the E-AB platform could significantly improve the ease and frequency with which metabolic diseases are monitored. Graphical Abstract.