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Related Concept Videos

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic Methods01:30

Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic Methods

Pharmacokinetics is a vital branch of pharmacology that examines how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. Two key methodologies in pharmacokinetics are plasma drug concentration studies and urinary drug excretion analyses, both of which provide critical insights into a drug's therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability.Plasma Drug Concentration-Time StudiesPlasma drug concentration-time studies involve analyzing blood samples at specific intervals to quantify...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods01:26

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...
Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods01:20

Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods

Pharmacodynamic methods provide insights into a drug's effects on physiological processes over time and play a crucial role in understanding bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These methods can be broadly classified into acute pharmacological and therapeutic response approaches, each with distinct mechanisms and applications.The acute pharmacological response method directly correlates a drug's physiological effects, such as ECG or pupil diameter changes, to its time course in the body.
Drug Concentrations: Measurements01:23

Drug Concentrations: Measurements

Drug concentration is the quantity of a drug present in a biological sample. Measuring drug amounts in biological samples allows the clinician to understand how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Samples can be obtained through invasive or non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques involve surgical or parenteral interventions to gather blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue biopsy. Conversely, non-invasive approaches provide samples like urine, feces, and saliva.
Plasma —...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Overview and Classification01:16

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Overview and Classification

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood at designated intervals to ensure the drug concentration stays within a therapeutic range. This monitoring is crucial for optimizing individual dosage regimens, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing drug-related toxicity. TDM is vital for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, significant variability in pharmacokinetics, and a clear correlation between plasma levels and...

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A Minimally Invasive, Subcutaneous Biosensor Reliably Estimates Plasma Methotrexate Exposure and Quantifies

Jennifer M Gibson1, Zeki Duman2, Nicole A Emmons3

  • 1Interdisciplinary Program in Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.

ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors provide real-time drug monitoring. Interstitial fluid (ISF) drug levels accurately predict plasma concentrations, enabling more precise therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) than traditional methods.

Keywords:
aptamersbiosensorschemotherapeuticscompartmental modelingpersonalized medicinepharmacokinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Pharmacokinetics

Background:

  • Electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors offer real-time, in situ drug monitoring.
  • Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) requires understanding drug concentrations in both plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF).
  • Current TDM relies on plasma levels, necessitating improved methods for monitoring ISF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between methotrexate concentrations in plasma and ISF using EAB sensors.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of ISF measurements for guiding methotrexate dosing.
  • To model methotrexate transport between plasma and ISF.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous, real-time measurements of methotrexate in rat plasma and subcutaneous ISF using EAB sensors.
  • Noncompartmental analysis to assess drug exposure and predictive relationships.
  • Compartmental modeling to characterize drug transport kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Methotrexate exposure in ISF strongly predicted plasma exposure (R² = 0.85, p = 0.00002).
  • ISF-guided dosing was twice as accurate as body-mass adjusted dosing for achieving target systemic exposure.
  • A two-compartment differential transport model best described methotrexate kinetics, indicating asymmetric plasma-ISF exchange.

Conclusions:

  • EAB sensors enable precise, real-time TDM by accurately correlating ISF and plasma drug levels.
  • Minimally invasive ISF monitoring can significantly improve dosing accuracy for drugs like methotrexate.
  • Understanding plasma-ISF transport dynamics is crucial for optimizing EAB sensor applications in TDM.