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A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
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Neurofeedback Training of Gamma Oscillations in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex.

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Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|February 24, 2019
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Summary

Neurofeedback (NFB) training successfully enhanced gamma oscillations in the primary visual cortex of macaque monkeys. This demonstrates top-down control of neuronal activity in sensory areas, even without external stimuli.

Keywords:
cognitionneurofeedbacknonhuman primatesoscillationsvisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Neurofeedback (NFB) training is established for manipulating brain activity using various signals like EEG and fMRI.
  • Previous NFB applications focused on modifying the BOLD signal, oscillatory power, and single unit activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if NFB can control neuronal activity in primary sensory cortices.
  • To determine if top-down control extends to areas primarily influenced by sensory input.

Main Methods:

  • Trained two macaque monkeys using NFB to increase gamma oscillations in the primary visual cortex.
  • Utilized acoustic feedback linked to gamma oscillation power, rewarding increases.
  • Recorded local field potentials via chronically implanted microelectrodes.

Main Results:

  • Both monkeys learned to increase gamma activity in the absence of visual stimulation.
  • The enhancement occurred in the selected frequency band and at the NFB signal's origin.
  • Demonstrated volitional control over specific neural oscillations in a primary sensory area.

Conclusions:

  • Top-down signals can drive or facilitate neural microcircuits in primary sensory areas.
  • NFB can modulate neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex without direct sensory input.
  • Suggests broader potential for NFB in controlling sensory cortex activity.