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Bone Structure01:55

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Biological Compatibility Profile on Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration
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Progress in biological reconstruction and enhanced bone revitalization for bone defects.

Norio Yamamoto1, Katsuhiro Hayashi1, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.

Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association
|February 25, 2019
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Summary

Artificial materials offer short-term bone defect repair, but biological reconstruction provides a permanent solution. New techniques using autologous bone and liquid nitrogen-treated bone, alongside adipose-derived stem cells, show promise for long-term bone healing and revitalization.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Biomaterials science

Background:

  • Artificial materials for bone defect reconstruction offer temporary functional recovery but lack long-term durability.
  • Permanent solutions require physiological materials that promote bone union, revival, and remodeling.
  • Allografts are common but face availability issues in some regions, necessitating alternative biological reconstruction methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore novel biological reconstruction techniques for bone defects, focusing on autologous and treated bone grafts.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of liquid nitrogen treatment for bone tumor resection and reconstruction.
  • To investigate the potential of adipose-derived stem cells in enhancing bone fusion and revitalization.

Main Methods:

  • Development of biological reconstruction techniques using autologous bone from distraction osteogenesis.
  • Implementation of liquid nitrogen treatment (free-freezing and pedicle freezing methods) for tumor-bearing bone.
  • Exploration of adipose-derived stem cells to promote bone healing and integration.

Main Results:

  • Autologous bone from distraction osteogenesis offers biological affinity, strength, and resilience for reconstruction.
  • Liquid nitrogen treatment of tumor-bearing bone demonstrates comparable or superior bone revitalization.
  • The pedicle freezing method is preferred for minimal osteotomy during liquid nitrogen treatment.
  • Adipose-derived stem cells show promising results in promoting bone fusion and revitalization.

Conclusions:

  • Biological reconstruction using autologous or treated bone offers a more permanent and physiological solution for bone defects.
  • Liquid nitrogen treatment and distraction osteogenesis are viable alternatives for bone reconstruction, especially where allografts are limited.
  • Adipose-derived stem cells represent a promising future direction for enhancing bone regeneration and achieving optimal long-term outcomes.