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Related Concept Videos

Attribution Theory00:56

Attribution Theory

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Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Attribution01:26

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In social interactions, individuals frequently seek to understand the motivations and causes behind others' behaviors. This fundamental aspect of social perception, known as attribution, plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal relationships and guiding future actions. Attribution refers to the cognitive process through which people infer the reasons behind others' behaviors, allowing them to assess character traits, intentions, and situational influences.Attribution Theory and Its...
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Hazard Rate01:11

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The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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Hazard Ratio01:12

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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Population Replacement Strategies for Controlling Vector Populations and the Use of Wolbachia pipientis for Genetic Drive
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Adjusted time-varying population attributable hazard in case-control studies.

Wei Zhao1, Jiayin Zheng2, Ying Qing Chen2

  • 1Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Statistical Methods in Medical Research
|February 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces adjusted population attributable hazard to accurately measure disease burden from exposures, accounting for confounders. The novel method provides reliable estimates, even with limited data, enhancing epidemiological research.

Keywords:
ConfoundingCox proportional hazards modelkernel smootherpopulation attributable fraction

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Biostatistics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Population attributable fraction (PAF) quantifies disease burden from exposures.
  • Population attributable hazard (PAH) extends PAF to time-varying analysis.
  • Existing PAH measures are biased by confounders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define adjusted population attributable hazard (aPAH) accounting for confounders.
  • To develop an identifiable aPAH for case-control studies under rare disease assumption.
  • To propose a novel statistical estimator for aPAH.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a natural definition of adjusted population attributable hazard.
  • Proposed a novel estimator combining logistic regression odds ratios and kernel smoothing.
  • Utilized case-control study design and rare disease assumption.

Main Results:

  • The proposed estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal.
  • Empirical variance estimation is feasible for the proposed estimators.
  • Simulation studies show good performance in finite sample sizes.

Conclusions:

  • The novel aPAH estimator effectively adjusts for confounders in disease burden assessment.
  • The method is applicable to case-control studies, particularly under the rare disease assumption.
  • Demonstrated utility through a colorectal cancer case-control study analysis.