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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
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Early Warnings for State Transitions.

Caleb P Roberts1,2, Dirac Twidwell1, Jessica L Burnett2

  • 1University of Nebraska, Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 66583-0915, USA.

Rangeland Ecology & Management
|February 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New ecological concepts offer statistical early warning metrics to predict and prevent ecosystem state shifts. Rangeland science can utilize these multivariate indicators for better management and policy decisions.

Keywords:
early warningrangeland monitoringregime shiftresiliencespatial regimesstate-and-transition model

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Area of Science:

  • Ecological theory and rangeland science.

Background:

  • New theoretical ecology concepts aim to quantify complex ecological changes beyond traditional state-and-transition models.
  • Applied ecologists need statistical early warning metrics to predict and prevent ecosystem state transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review multivariate early warning and regime shift detection metrics.
  • To identify their applicability in rangeland science.
  • To highlight limitations of these metrics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of multivariate statistical metrics for early warning and regime shift detection.
  • Assessment of metric applicability across diverse rangeland data types and contexts.
  • Identification of metric utility from known to unknown system drivers.

Main Results:

  • A broad range of multivariate metrics are available for detecting ecological regime shifts.
  • These metrics can be applied whether key system drivers are known or unknown.
  • The rangeland discipline is well-positioned to adopt and test these novel indicators.

Conclusions:

  • Multivariate early warning metrics offer quantitative tools for ecological state-and-transition questions.
  • These metrics can inform policymakers and provide decision-making support for rangeland managers.
  • Adoption of these metrics can advance rangeland science and management practices.