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Oxygen-A Critical, but Overlooked, Nutrient.

Paul Trayhurn1,2

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Frontiers in Nutrition
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PubMed
Summary

Oxygen (O2) is a vital nutrient for aerobic animals, essential for energy production. Despite its critical role, it is often overlooked in nutritional science due to its respiratory intake route.

Keywords:
adipocyteadipose tissuehypoxiahypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)mitochondriaoxygen deficiencyrespiration

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Gaseous oxygen (O2) is indispensable for aerobic respiration and ATP production.
  • Oxygen is not traditionally classified as a nutrient due to its respiratory, rather than gastrointestinal, absorption.
  • This classification overlooks O2's fundamental role in sustaining life and growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the classification of oxygen (O2) within nutritional science.
  • To argue that the route of substance entry into the body does not preclude it from being a nutrient.
  • To highlight the physiological and molecular consequences of oxygen deficiency (hypoxia).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual analysis of O2's role in metabolism.
  • Comparison of O2's definition against standard nutrient criteria.
  • Examination of physiological responses to varying oxygen levels, including gene expression changes.

Main Results:

  • Oxygen meets the definition of a nutrient, providing essential nourishment for life and growth.
  • Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) occurs in various conditions, from high altitudes to specific tissues and diseases.
  • Hypoxia triggers metabolic shifts to anaerobic glycolysis and activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1).

Conclusions:

  • Oxygen (O2) is a critical, yet overlooked, nutrient essential for aerobic life.
  • Nutritional science should incorporate oxygen into its scope, recognizing its fundamental role.
  • Understanding oxygen's nutrient status has implications for treating hypoxia-related conditions.