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The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
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Brown Adipose Tissue: A Short Historical Perspective.

Paul Trayhurn1,2

  • 1Obesity Biology Unit, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. p.trayhurn@liverpool.ac.uk.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a thermogenic organ, plays a key role in energy balance and obesity. Research shows BAT is vital for heat generation and metabolic health, offering potential obesity treatments.

Keywords:
Brown adipose tissueDiet-induced thermogenesisEnergy metabolismMitochondriaNon-shivering thermogenesisNutritional energeticsObesityUncoupling protein-1 (UCP1)White adipose tissue

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Adipose Tissue Biology

Background:

  • Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was identified as a thermogenic organ in 1961.
  • Key discoveries elucidated its role in non-shivering thermogenesis via mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1.
  • BAT's involvement in energy balance and obesity etiology was established through rodent studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical identification and functional characterization of brown adipose tissue.
  • To highlight the renewed interest in human BAT following advancements in imaging techniques.
  • To discuss the established and emerging metabolic roles of BAT in energy homeostasis and obesity.

Main Methods:

  • Historical literature review.
  • Analysis of key experimental findings in rodent models of obesity.
  • Inclusion of data from fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies in humans.

Main Results:

  • BAT is crucial for non-shivering thermogenesis, utilizing uncoupling protein-1 for heat production.
  • BAT significantly influences energy balance and is implicated in the development of obesity.
  • Human BAT is present and metabolically active in adults, contributing to glucose disposal and triglyceride clearance.

Conclusions:

  • Brown adipose tissue is a critical thermogenic organ with significant implications for energy balance and obesity.
  • The discovery of active BAT in adult humans has spurred new research into its therapeutic potential.
  • BAT's multifaceted metabolic functions position it as a promising target for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders.