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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
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Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Artificial Lysosomal Platform to Study Nanoparticle Long-term Stability.

Ana MilosevicAc, Joël Bourquin, David Burnand

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study demonstrates artificial lysosomal fluid effectively assesses nanoparticle stability. This method offers a rapid evaluation of gold, iron oxide, and silica nanoparticle behavior in a key biological environment.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Nanoparticles (NPs) offer unique properties for biomedical applications.
    • Understanding NP-cell interactions is crucial for safe and effective use.
    • Lysosomes are key cellular compartments where NPs often localize.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate artificial lysosomal fluid as a platform for assessing nanoparticle stability.
    • To determine the stability of gold, iron oxide, and silica NPs in this simulated environment.
    • To provide a fast assessment method for NP behavior in biological fluids.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized artificial lysosomal fluid to mimic the lysosomal environment.
    • Assessed the stability of gold, iron oxide, and silica nanoparticles over 24 hours.
    • Employed multiple analytical methods for comprehensive evaluation.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the applicability of artificial lysosomal fluid for NP stability assessment.
    • Showcased the method's effectiveness for gold, iron oxide, and silica NPs.
    • Confirmed the fluid's suitability for rapid NP behavior analysis.

    Conclusions:

    • Artificial lysosomal fluid serves as a viable platform for fast NP stability assessment.
    • This approach aids in understanding NP behavior in a relevant biological context.
    • Facilitates safe-by-design principles for biomedical nanoparticles.