Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ethical Issues01:27

Ethical Issues

2.1K
Nurses are essential in patient care, upholding the ethical principles of their profession and effectively navigating ethical dilemmas. Neglecting ethical issues can lead to inadequate patient care, compromised therapeutic relationships, and moral distress among healthcare workers.
Ethical Concerns in Healthcare:
2.1K
Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System01:29

Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System

6.2K
The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
Cost Containment
Payment for healthcare services has historically promoted adoption of costly and often unnecessary or inefficient...
6.2K
Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

39.7K
Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
39.7K
Proofreading01:43

Proofreading

60.8K
Overview
60.8K
Group Design02:01

Group Design

10.4K
The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
10.4K
Sustainable Development01:43

Sustainable Development

15.1K
As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
15.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

ICT Use at Work as a Double-Edged Sword: A Moderated Mediation Model of Employee Well-Being - CORRIGENDUM.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
Same author

The Indirect Relationship between Prosociality in the Workplace and Employee Well-Being: Testing Multiple Mediators.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
Same author

ICT Use at Work as a Double-Edged Sword: A Moderated Mediation Model of Employee Well-Being.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
Same author

The influence of unfinished tasks on subjective ease of falling asleep via negative emotions at work: a diary study.

Anxiety, stress, and coping·2025
Same author

Beyond the Conveyor Belt: The Influence of Robotization on Work Characteristics. A Qualitative Study in Manufacturing Companies.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2025
Same author

Organizational climate and culture: Reflections on the history of the constructs in the Journal of Applied Psychology.

The Journal of applied psychology·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability
11:30

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Published on: July 25, 2025

1.2K

Three Issues in Multilevel Research.

Vicente González-Romá1

  • 1Universitat de València (Spain).

The Spanish Journal of Psychology
|March 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This article clarifies key issues in multilevel research, including cross-level effects, construct emergence, and sample size recommendations. It aims to enhance the quality and rigor of organizational multilevel studies.

Area of Science:

  • Organizational Behavior
  • Multilevel Modeling
  • Research Methodology

Background:

  • Multilevel research is crucial for understanding organizational phenomena.
  • Existing multilevel models face challenges in interpretation and specification.
  • Clear guidelines are needed for robust multilevel research design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify critical issues in organizational multilevel research.
  • To provide guidance on interpreting cross-level direct effects.
  • To improve the specification of emergence processes and sample size recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual clarification of key multilevel research concepts.
  • Discussion of theoretical and statistical considerations.
Keywords:
compilationcompositioncross-level direct effectmultilevelsample size

More Related Videos

Multilevel Microdissection and Functional-Structural Profiling of Human Renal Arterial Branches
06:51

Multilevel Microdissection and Functional-Structural Profiling of Human Renal Arterial Branches

Published on: September 5, 2025

593
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

17.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability
11:30

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Published on: July 25, 2025

1.2K
Multilevel Microdissection and Functional-Structural Profiling of Human Renal Arterial Branches
06:51

Multilevel Microdissection and Functional-Structural Profiling of Human Renal Arterial Branches

Published on: September 5, 2025

593
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

17.9K
  • Synthesis of best practices for multilevel research design.

    • Main Results:

    • Defines and clarifies "cross-level direct effects" in multilevel models.
    • Outlines methods for specifying emergence processes in higher-level constructs.
    • Provides recommendations for appropriate sample sizes in multilevel analyses.

    Conclusions:

    • Addressing these issues enhances the validity of multilevel research.
    • Improved methodological clarity leads to more accurate organizational insights.
    • This work contributes to advancing the field of organizational multilevel research.