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Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

Mesh Analysis

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Mesh analysis is a valuable method for simplifying circuit analysis using mesh currents as key circuit variables. Unlike nodal analysis, which focuses on determining unknown voltages, mesh analysis applies Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) to find unknown currents within a circuit. This method is particularly convenient in reducing the number of simultaneous equations that need to be solved.
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

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High-transmittance double-layer frequency-selective surface based on interlaced multiring metallic mesh.

Xi Lu, Yeshu Liu, Zhengang Lu

|March 2, 2019

Summary

We developed a novel optically transparent double-layer frequency-selective surface (FSS) using interlaced multiring metallic mesh. This design achieves high visible light transmittance and stable filtering performance, ideal for advanced optical applications.

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Area of Science:

Electromagnetics and Optics
Materials Science

Background:

Conventional double-layer frequency-selective surfaces (FSS) often compromise optical transparency for filtering capabilities.
Achieving high optical transmittance while maintaining precise electromagnetic filtering remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and fabricate an optically transparent FSS with enhanced performance.
To investigate a novel interlaced multiring metallic mesh structure for improved optical and filtering characteristics.

Main Methods:

Proposed a double-layer FSS design utilizing interlaced multiring metallic mesh instead of large metal areas.
Replaced conventional FSS structures with triangular-orthogonal distributed basic rings and nested rotated subrings.
Fabricated and experimentally validated the proposed FSS design.

Main Results:

Achieved a normalized visible transmittance of 90.31%.
Demonstrated a stable filtering passband centered around 33.9 GHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 13.4 GHz.
Observed low normalized high-order diffraction intensity and uniform diffraction distribution.

Conclusions:

The novel interlaced multiring metallic mesh FSS offers a favorable combination of high optical transparency and stable filtering.
This design presents a promising solution for optically transparent FSS applications requiring precise electromagnetic control.