Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Update to the study protocol: minimisation of dialysis risk in hospital patients with chronic kidney disease (MinDial): a multicentre, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Trials·2024

Same author

Minimisation of dialysis risk in hospital patients with chronic kidney disease (MinDial): study protocol for a multicentre, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Trials·2024

Same author

Evaluation of new alternative methods for the identification of estrogenic, androgenic and steroidogenic effects: a comparative in vitro/in silico study.

Archives of toxicology·2023

Same author

Fermionic quantum processing with programmable neutral atom arrays.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2023

Same author

Contact resistance and phase slips in mesoscopic superfluid atom transport.

Physical review. A·2023

Same author

Utility of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III online calculator to differentiate the primary progressive aphasia variants.

Brain communications·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Long-term In Vivo Tracking of Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Within Drosophila Pupae

Long-term In Vivo Tracking of Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Within Drosophila Pupae

Published on: June 14, 2018

Dynamical Topological Transitions in the Massive Schwinger Model with a θ Term.

T V Zache¹, N Mueller², J T Schneider¹

¹Heidelberg University, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|March 2, 2019

Summary

We discovered dynamical quantum phase transitions in a model of CP violation. These topological transitions, observable in tabletop experiments, offer insights into real-time quantum phenomena.

More Related Videos

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection FPP

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection FPP

Published on: April 20, 2015

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

Published on: February 5, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Long-term In Vivo Tracking of Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Within Drosophila Pupae

Long-term In Vivo Tracking of Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Within Drosophila Pupae

Published on: June 14, 2018

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection FPP

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection FPP

Published on: April 20, 2015

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

Published on: February 5, 2016

Area of Science:

Quantum Field Theory
Condensed Matter Physics
High-Energy Physics

Background:

Understanding non-equilibrium dynamics in gauge theories is crucial for explaining anomalous and topological effects.
The massive Schwinger model with a theta term serves as a prototype for studying CP violation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the real-time dynamics of the massive Schwinger model with a theta term.
To identify and characterize dynamical quantum phase transitions and topological effects out of equilibrium.

Main Methods:

Studying the real-time dynamics of the massive Schwinger model under quenches of the theta parameter.
Developing and applying a general dynamical topological order parameter accessible via fermion two-point correlators.

Main Results:

Identified dynamical quantum phase transitions between topological sectors after strong quenches of the theta parameter.
Established a general dynamical topological order parameter applicable to interacting theories.
Demonstrated that topological transitions persist beyond the weak-coupling regime.

Conclusions:

The study provides a significant step towards quantum simulation of topological and anomalous real-time phenomena.
These effects are experimentally observable using current cold-atom, superconducting-qubit, and trapped-ion technologies.
The findings are relevant to nuclear and high-energy physics research.