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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Functional Divisions of the Nervous System01:23

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

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The nervous system, responsible for sensing, integrating, and responding to various stimuli, is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two functional divisions: the sensory or afferent division and the motor or efferent division.
The sensory division transmits information from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS. It provides the CNS with knowledge about somatic senses (such as tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations)...
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
Originating in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division exit the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans. They then enter the...
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS01:08

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
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Simultaneous EIT and EEG using frequency division multiplexing.

James Avery1, Tom Dowrick, Anna Witkowska-Wrobel

  • 1Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom. These authors contributed equally to this work.

Physiological Measurement
|March 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces frequency division multiplexing (FDM) for simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) recording, yielding uncorrupted EEG signals and more accurate EIT imaging. This method simplifies clinical integration without extra electrodes.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) recording methods often require post-hoc artifact removal and specialized hardware.
  • Existing techniques necessitate separate electrodes for EEG and EIT, complicating clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of collecting uncorrupted EEG signals simultaneously with EIT data using frequency division multiplexing (FDM).
  • To evaluate the utility of EIT data for source localization compared to EEG.

Main Methods:

  • A custom FDM EIT current source was developed and tested using phantom and neonatal head tank models.
  • Simultaneous EEG and EIT data were acquired from a human volunteer during standard EEG and visual evoked potential (VEP) paradigms.
  • EEG and EIT source localization were compared using a simulated EEG dipole.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in EEG or VEP amplitude, latency, or power spectral density (PSD) were observed with or without simultaneous EIT stimulation (p > 0.3).
  • EIT reconstructions demonstrated superior accuracy in localizing the center of mass and volume of perturbations compared to EEG source localization.
  • Simultaneous EIT and EEG recording using FDM did not introduce significant artifacts into the EEG signal.

Conclusions:

  • The FDM method enables artifact-free simultaneous EEG and EIT data acquisition, suitable for clinical settings.
  • This approach integrates seamlessly with existing EEG/ECoG workflows, reducing barriers to EIT implementation.
  • EIT provides valuable complementary data for source localization, enhancing neuroimaging capabilities.