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Related Concept Videos

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Retrospective Cardiac Gating with A Prototype Small-Animal X-ray Computed Tomograph
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Retrospective Cardiac Gating with A Prototype Small-Animal X-ray Computed Tomograph

Published on: February 21, 2025

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Gating Approaches in Cardiac PET Imaging.

Martin Lyngby Lassen1, Jacek Kwiecinski2, Piotr J Slomka1

  • 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.

PET Clinics
|March 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) is vital for diagnosing heart conditions. Motion during imaging degrades image quality, but gating techniques, especially data-driven ones, show promise for improving accuracy without complex equipment.

Keywords:
Cardiac gatingCardiac imagingPET/CT imagingPET/MR imagingRespiratory gating

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Cardiac PET offers high sensitivity and negative predictive value for diagnosing coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies.
  • Patient motion (cardiac, respiratory, bulk) significantly degrades thoracic PET image quality, impacting quantitative and qualitative assessments.
  • Motion artifacts compromise the diagnostic accuracy of cardiovascular PET imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in gating techniques for cardiac PET imaging.
  • To highlight the potential of data-driven approaches in mitigating motion artifacts.
  • To explore motion detection methods that do not require complex hardware.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current gating strategies in cardiac PET.
  • Focus on emerging data-driven motion detection and correction techniques.
  • Discussion of hardware-independent approaches for motion compensation.

Main Results:

  • Gating techniques can effectively reduce the adverse effects of patient motion on cardiac PET images.
  • Gating also enables the quantitative evaluation of left ventricular systolic function.
  • Data-driven approaches demonstrate significant promise for motion detection and correction.

Conclusions:

  • Gating is essential for optimizing cardiac PET image quality and diagnostic accuracy.
  • Data-driven gating methods offer a promising, potentially simpler alternative to traditional approaches.
  • Future research should focus on refining data-driven techniques for robust motion management in cardiac PET.