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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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The kinetochore proteins Ndc80 and Dsn1 are required for survival of postmitotic neurons.

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Kinetochore proteins control microtubule dynamics in postmitotic neurons to regulate the formation of dendritic spines.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Kinetochore Proteins Have a Post-Mitotic Function in Neurodevelopment.

Guoli Zhao1, Asli Oztan1, Yingzhi Ye1

  • 1F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Developmental Cell
|March 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Kinetochore proteins, essential for cell division, also play a crucial role in neurodevelopment. These proteins help sculpt developing synapses and dendrites for proper neuronal circuit formation.

Keywords:
DrosophilaMis12Ndc80centromeredendritehippocampuskinetochoreneuromuscular junctionsynapse

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The kinetochore is a protein complex vital for chromosome segregation during cell division.
  • Its functions outside the centromere were previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential post-mitotic roles of kinetochore proteins in neurodevelopment.
  • To determine if kinetochore components are involved in neuronal structure formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) as a model organism.
  • Performed gene knockdown and mutation studies on kinetochore components.
  • Examined effects on neuronal development at the neuromuscular junction.
  • Investigated kinetochore protein localization in neuronal structures.
  • Studied cultured hippocampal neurons from mammals.

Main Results:

  • Mutations or knockdown of kinetochore proteins in Drosophila led to neurite overgrowth and abnormal synaptic bouton formation.
  • Kinetochore proteins were found in synapses and axons of Drosophila.
  • Knockdown of the kinetochore protein Mis12 in cultured mammalian neurons increased filopodia-like protrusions.

Conclusions:

  • Kinetochore proteins are repurposed for essential post-mitotic functions in neurodevelopment.
  • These proteins contribute to sculpting developing synapses and dendrites.
  • Kinetochore proteins are crucial for the correct development of neuronal circuits in both invertebrates and mammals.